Figure 1
Relationship between Different Dimensions of Self-efficacy.
Table 2
Overview of Bachelor Programs.
| BACHELOR PROGRAM | ENROLLED STUDENTS | PARTICIPANTS | RESPONSE RATE (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vocational education | 1228 | 127 | 10.34 |
| Psychology | 1978 | 159 | 8.04 |
| Business Psychology | 534 | 44 | 8.24 |
| Therapy and nursing sciences | 379 | 18 | 4.75 |
| Nursing Management | 1412 | 57 | 4.04 |
| Health and social management | 1193 | 65 | 5.45 |
| Total | 6724 | 472 | 7.02 |
Table 3
Frequentist Scale Reliability Statistics.
| ESTIMATE | CRONBACH’S α |
|---|---|
| Point estimate | 0.819 |
| 95% CI lower bound | 0.795 |
| 95% CI upper bound | 0.841 |
[i] Note. Of the observations, pairwise complete cases were used. The following item correlated negatively with the scale: V23.
Table 4
Frequentist Individual Item Reliability Statistics.
| IF ITEM DROPPED | ||
|---|---|---|
| ITEM | CRONBACH’S α | SD |
| V6 | 0.803 | 0.973 |
| V7 | 0.802 | 0.898 |
| V8 | 0.804 | 0.938 |
| V9 | 0.807 | 0.958 |
| V10 | 0.803 | 0.886 |
| V11 | 0.801 | 0.820 |
| V12 | 0.804 | 0.921 |
| V13 | 0.799 | 0.968 |
| V14 | 0.803 | 0.988 |
| V15 | 0.807 | 1.021 |
| V16 | 0.800 | 1.090 |
| V17 | 0.810 | 0.804 |
| V18 | 0.820 | 1.205 |
| V19 | 0.807 | 1.071 |
| V20 | 0.828 | 1.358 |
| V21 | 0.818 | 1.000 |
| V22 | 0.811 | 0.855 |
| V23 | 0.847 | 0.917 |
Table 5
Academic Self-Efficacy (1 weak –5 strong).
| ITEM (n470) | MEAN | STD. DEVIATION |
|---|---|---|
| Problem-solving | 3.63 | .973 |
| Managing study program | 3.60 | .898 |
| Thesis | 2.87 | .958 |
| Study goals | 3.69 | .886 |
| Academic requirements | 3.74 | .820 |
| Academic competence | 3.44 | .973 |
| Overall | 3.50 |
Table 6
Learning Self-Efficacy (1 weak –5 strong).
| ITEM (n470) | MEAN | STD. DEVIATION |
|---|---|---|
| Self-motivation | 4.02 | .921 |
| Awareness of learning strategy | 3.69 | .968 |
| Effectiveness of learning strategy | 3.77 | .988 |
| Reflecting learning strategy | 3.70 | 1.021 |
| Time-management | 3.54 | 1.090 |
| Adjusting learning strategy | 3.92 | .804 |
| Overall | 3.77 |
Table 7
Social Self-Efficacy (1 weak –5 strong).
| ITEM (n470) | MEAN | STD. DEVIATION |
|---|---|---|
| Financial stability | 3.41 | 1.205 |
| Reconciling work and study | 3.27 | 1.071 |
| Employer support | 3.02 | 1.358 |
| Private support | 4.16 | 1.000 |
| Resilience | 3.81 | .855 |
| Vulnerability | 2.36 | .917 |
| Overall | 3.34 |
Table 8
Correlation Analysis of Academic Self-Efficacy.
| VARIABLES | ACADEMIC COMPETENCE | PROBLEM-SOLVING | MANAGING STUDY PROGRAM | THESIS | STUDY GOALS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Problem-solving | .562** | ||||
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | ||||
| N | 470 | ||||
| Managing study program | .530** | .465** | |||
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | |||
| N | 470 | 470 | |||
| Thesis | .329** | .343** | .413** | ||
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | .000 | ||
| N | 469 | 469 | 470 | ||
| Study goals | .391** | .365** | .441** | .403** | |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | |
| N | 468 | 468 | 467 | 468 | |
| Academic requirement | .452** | .450** | .513** | .411** | .497** |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 |
| N | 470 | 470 | 469 | 468 | 470 |
[i] Note. *p < .05, **p < .01.
Table 9
Correlation Analysis of Learning Self-Efficacy.
| VARIABLES | SELF-MOTIVATION | EFFECTIVENESS OF LS | AWARENESS OF LS | REFLECTING LS | TIME MANAGEMENT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effectiveness of learning strategies | .545** | ||||
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | ||||
| N | 470 | ||||
| Awareness of learning strategies | .464** | .692** | |||
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | |||
| N | 470 | 470 | |||
| Reflecting learning strategies | .350** | .491** | .554** | ||
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | .000 | ||
| N | 470 | 470 | 470 | ||
| Time management | .550** | .530** | .497** | .543** | |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | .000 | ||
| N | 469 | 469 | 469 | 469 | |
| Adjusting learning strategies | .331** | .356** | .373** | .410** | .437** |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 |
| N | 469 | 469 | 469 | 468 | 469 |
[i] Note. *p < .05, **p < .01.
Table 10
Correlation Analysis of Social Self-Efficacy.
| VARIABLES | FINANCIAL SUPPORT | RECONCILING WORK AND STUDY | EMPLOYER SUPPORT | PRIVATE SUPPORT | POSITIVE RESILIENCE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reconciling work and study | .367** | ||||
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | |||
| N | 469 | ||||
| Employer support | .238** | .354** | |||
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | |||
| N | 468 | 469 | |||
| Private Support | .227** | .263** | .198** | ||
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | .000 | ||
| N | 469 | 470 | 470 | ||
| Resilience | .139** | .245** | .122** | .239** | |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | |
| N | 468 | 469 | 468 | 468 | |
| Vulnerability | –.160** | –.210** | –.089 | –.257** | –.275** |
| Sig. (2-tailed) | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 |
| N | 468 | 469 | 468 | 468 | 469 |
[i] Note. *p < .05, **p < .01.
Table 11
Support Measures.
| ITEM (n471) | N | PERCENT |
|---|---|---|
| No | 14 | 3.0% |
| Rather no | 27 | 5.7% |
| Neutral | 56 | 11.9% |
| Rather yes | 175 | 37.2% |
| Yes | 199 | 42.3% |
[i] I would like more support from the University of Applied Sciences to achieve my degree.
Table 12
Forms of Support Measures.
| ITEM (n471) | N | PERCENT |
|---|---|---|
| Courses on suitable learning strategies | 203 | 43.10 |
| More support from teachers | 206 | 43.74 |
| More opportunities to exchange with other students | 217 | 46.07 |
| Specific support with subject-related topics | 320 | 67.94 |
| Counselling for personal problems during studies | 187 | 39.70 |
| Support with self-organisation during studies | 182 | 38.64 |
[i] What forms of support would you like to have? (multiple answers are possible).