Are there barriers to the intention of fish consumption in restaurants? Insights from Türkiye using an extension of the Theory of Planned Behaviour Cover

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Are there barriers to the intention of fish consumption in restaurants? Insights from Türkiye using an extension of the Theory of Planned Behaviour

European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation

Volume 15 (2025): Issue 2 (December 2025)

By: Ömer Ceyhun Apak

Open Access

|Dec 2025

Figures & Tables

Parallel Mediation Estimation Model

The total effect of perceived barriers on intention of fish consumption

Results of the parallel mediation model

EFA for Perceived Barriers (PB)_

Items	Extraction	Factor Loading	Item-total correlations	Total Variance
PB1	0.566	0.752	0.673	59.631
PB2	0.623	0.791	0.720
PB3	0.521	0.722	0.639
PB4	0.610	0.782	0.703
PB5	0.560	0.748	0.661
PB6	0.709	0.842	0.775
PB7	0.660	0.813	0.738
PB8	0.518	0.720	0.628

Regression coefficients and summary information for the model with mediating variables

Antecedent	Consequent
	M1 (ATD)				M2 (SN)				M3 (PBC)				Y (IFC)
		β	SE	p		β	SE	p		β	SE	p		β	SE	P
X (PB)	a₁	-.14	.03	< .01	a₂	-.31	.05	< .01	a₃	-.32	.04	< .01	c’	-.16	.05	< .01
M₁ (ATD)													b₁	.17	.07	< .01
M₂ (SN)													b₂	.25	.05	< .01
M₃ (PBC)													b₃	.35	.05	< .01
Constant	iM₁	4.63	.07	< .01	iM₂	4.56	.12	< .01	iM₃	3.86	.11	< .01	i_y	.58	.24	< .01
R²		.04				.09				.10				.33
F (df)	22.51*** (1;482)				46.29*** (1;482)				52.52*** (1;482)				58.09*** (4;479)
Indirect effect	K² = -.18 β= -.22 SE= .04 95% CI [-.29, -.15]

Correlation coefficients between variables

		Bivariate correlation					Descriptive statistics
		1	2	3	4	5	N	M	SD
1	Perceived barriers	-					529	2.58	.86
2	Attitude	-.21**	-				529	4.3	.57
3	Subjective norms	-.29**	.23**	-			529	3.79	.94
4	Perceived behavioural control	-.31**	.22**	.53**	-		529	3.09	.89
5	Intention of fish consumption	-.32**	.25**	.56**	.49**	-	529	2.96	1.01

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ejthr-2025-0018 | Journal eISSN: 2182-4924 | Journal ISSN: 2182-4916

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Language: English

Page range: 249 - 266

Submitted on: Dec 5, 2024

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Accepted on: Dec 4, 2025

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Published on: Dec 31, 2025

Published by: Polytechnic Institute of Leiria

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

Keywords:

Perceived Barriers,

Subjective Norm,

Perceived Behavioral Control,

Intention of Fish Consumption

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Business management,

Business management, other,

Tourism, hospitality, travel,

Event industry, leisure industry,

Sports and recreation,

Sports and recreation, other

© 2025 Ömer Ceyhun Apak, published by Polytechnic Institute of Leiria
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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