References
- Agrarmarkt Austria, 2025. AMA Flächenauswertung.
https://flaechenauswertung.services.ama.at . - Alajaji, S.A., El-Adawy, T.A., 2006. Nutritional composition of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as affected by microwave cooking and other traditional cooking methods. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 19, 806–812. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2006.03.015.
- Ambika, Hegde, V., Nimmy, M.S., Bharadwaj, C., Tripathi, S., Singh, R.K., Kumar, R., 2021. Unraveling genetics of semi-determinacy and identification of markers for indeterminate stem growth habit in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Scientific Reports 11, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01464-3.
- Anschober, A., 2018. Einfluss der Sorte, des Saatzeitpunktes und der Saatstärke auf Kornertrag und Wachstumsverlauf bei Kichererbse. MSc Thesis, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria.
- Armstrong, E., Heenan, D., Pate, J., Unkovich, M., 1997. Nitrogen benefits of lupins, field pea, and chickpea to wheat production in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, 39–84. DOI: 10.1071/A96054.
- Austrian Standards International, 2002. Futtermittel - Bestimmung der Trypsin-Inhibitoren-Aktivität von Sojaerzeugnissen, ÖNORM EN ISO 14902.
- Austrian Standards International, 2008. Futtermittel - Bestimmung des Zuckergehalts - Hochleistungs-Anionenaustausch-Chromatographieverfahren (HPAEC-PAD), ÖNORM CEN/TS 15754.
- Austrian Standards International, 2009. Lebensmittelerzeugnisse - Bestimmung des Gehaltes an Gesamtstickstoff mit dem Verbrennungsverfahren nach Dumas und Berechnung des Gehaltes an Rohprotein - Teil 1: Ölsaatenschrote und Futtermittel, ÖNORM EN ISO 166341-.
- Austrian Standards International, 2010. Getreide und Hülsenfrüchte - Bestimmung der 1000-Korn-Masse, ÖNORM EN ISO 520.
- Austrian Standards International, 2016. Lebensmittelerzeugnisse - Bestimmung des Gehaltes an Gesamtstickstoff mit dem Verbrennungsverfahren nach Dumas und Berechnung des Gehaltes an Rohprotein - Teil 2: Getreide, Hülsenfrüchte und gemahlene Getreideerzeugnisse, ÖNORM EN ISO 166342-.
- Ayerdi Gotor, A., Marraccini, E., 2022. Innovative Pulses for Western European Temperate Regions: A Review. Agronomy 12. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy12010170.
- Begum, N., Khan, Q.U., Liu, L.G., Li, W., Liu, D., Haq, I.U., 2023. Nutritional composition, health benefits and bio-active compounds of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Frontiers in Nutrition 10. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1218468.
- Blessing, C., 2021. Kichererbsen im atlantischen Klima in Mitteleuropa?, Fachtagung für biologische Land-wirtschaft. HBLFA Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Austria.
https://raumberg-gumpenstein.at/forschung/infothek/downloads/download.html?path=Tagungen%252FBiotagung%252FBiotagung_2021%252F4b_blessing.pdf . - Blessing, C., 2022. Hinweise zum Pflanzenbau – Kichererbse, Anbauanleitung. Karlsruhe, Germany.
https://ltz.landwirtschaft-bw.de/,Len/Kulturpflanzen/Kichererbse . - Bomers, S., Ribarits, A., Kamptner, A., Tripolt, T., von Gehren, P., Prat, N., Söllinger, J., 2024. Survey of Potato Growers’ Perception of Climate Change and Its Impacts on Potato Production in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. Agronomy 14, 1399. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy14071399.
- Boye, J., Zare, F., Pletch, A., 2010. Pulse proteins: Processing, characterization, functional properties and applications in food and feed. Food Research International 43, 414–431. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.09.003.
- Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Regionen und Wasserwirtschaft, 2023. Grüner Bericht 2023. Vienna, Austria.
- Bundesministerium für Landwirtschaft, Regionen und Tourismus, 2021. Österreichische Eiweißstrategie. Vienna, Austria.
- Carranca, C., de Varennes, A., Rolston, D., 1999. Biological nitrogen fixation by fababean, pea and chickpea, under field conditions, estimated by the 15N isotope dilution technique. European Journal of Agronomy 10, 49–56. DOI: 10.1016/S1161-0301(98)00049-5.
- Community Plant Variety Office, 2024. CPVO Variety finder. Angers, France.
https://cpvo.europa.eu/en/applications-and-examinations/cpvo-variety-finder . - de Camargo, A.C., Favero, B.T., Morzelle, M.C., Franchin, M., Alvarez-Parrilla, E., de la Rosa, L.A., Geraldi, M.V., Marostica Junior, M.R., Shahidi, F., Schwember, A.R., 2019. Is Chickpea a Potential Substitute for Soybean? Phenolic Bioactives and Potential Health Benefits. International Journal of Molecular Science 20, 2644. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112644.
- Egli, D., TeKrony, D., 1995. Soybean seed germination, vigor and field emergence. Seed Science and Technology 23, 595–607.
- Eker, T., Sari, D., Sari, H., Tosun, H.S., Toker, C., 2022a. A kabuli chickpea ideotype. Scientific Reports 12, 1611. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05559-3.
- Eker, T., Sari, H., Sari, D., Canci, H., Arslan, M., Aydinoglu, B., Ozay, H., Toker, C., 2022b. Advantage of Multiple Pods and Compound Leaf in Kabuli Chickpea under Heat Stress Conditions. Agronomy 12, 557. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy12030557.
- Epie, K.E., Bauer, P.J., Stone, K.C., Locke, A.M., 2023. Density, not tillage, increases soybean protein concentration in some southeastern US environments. Agronomy Journal 115, 1867–1876. DOI: 10.1002/agj2.21371.
- Esmaeilzade-Moridani, M., Eshraghi-Nejad, M., Ghaderi-Far, F., 2011. The appropriate laboratory tests for predicting field emergence and performance of chickpea. Seed Science and Biotechnology 5, 21–24.
- European Commission, 2009. Commission Regulation (EC) No 152/2009 of 27 January 2009 laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of feed.
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2009/152/oj/eng . - FAOSTAT, 2024a. Import Quantity of Chickpea in Austria.
https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/TCL . - FAOSTAT, 2024b. Production Quantity of Pulses in the World.
https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/TCL . - Fikre, A., Desmae, H., Ahmed, S., 2020. Tapping the Economic Potential of Chickpea in Sub-Saharan Africa. Agronomy 10. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10111707.
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2023. Good Agricultural practices (GAP) - Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar.
- Ghassemi-Golezani, K., Tahereh, M., Raey, Y., Saeid, A., 2010. Effects of Water Stress and Pod Position on the Seed Quality of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Cultivars. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 38. DOI: 10.15835/nbha3813481.
- Gomez, K.A., Gomez, A.A., 1984. Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America.
- Grains Research and Development Corporation, 2017. Chickpea Southern Region - Grow Notes, Australia.
https://grdc.com.au/resources-and-publications/grown-otes/crop-agronomy/chickpea-southern-region-grown-otes . - Groupe d’étude et de contrôle des variétés et des semences, 2024. The Official Catalogue of Species and Varieties of Cultivated Crops in France. Beaucouzé cedex, France.
https://www.geves.fr/catalogue-france/ . - Guillamón, E., Pedrosa, M.M., Burbano, C., Cuadrado, C., Sánchez, M.d.C., Muzquiz, M., 2008. The trypsin inhibitors present in seed of different grain legume species and cultivar. Food Chemistry 107, 68–74. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.029.
- Hakeem, S.A., Matloob, A., Ghazy, A.-H., Fiaz, S., Ali, M., Haq, T.U., Awan, T.H., Al-Doss, A.A., Attia, K.A., Hussain, N., Ul Haq, M.Z., 2025. Critical period of weed-crop competition in irrigated chickpea as a tool for judicious weed control. Scientific Reports 15, 32116. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-95013-x.
- Hedley, C.L., 2001. Carbohydrates in grain legume seeds: improving nutritional quality and agronomic characteristics. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
- Hegde, V.S., 2011. Morphology and genetics of a new found determinate genotype in chickpea. Euphytica 182, 35–42. DOI: 10.1007/s10681-011-0447-5.
- Heiras-Palazuelos, M.J., Ochoa-Lugo, M.I., Gutiérrez-Dorado, R., López-Valenzuela, J.A., Mora-Rochín, S., Milán-Carrillo, J., Garzón-Tiznado, J.A., Reyes-Moreno, C., 2013. Technological properties, antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid content of pigmented chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 64, 69–76. DOI: 0.3109/09637486.2012.694854.
- Hernandez, L.G., Hill, G.D., 1983. Effect of Plant population and inoculation on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Agronomy Society of New Zealand, 75–79.
- International Seed Testing Association, 2023. Chapter 9: Determination of moisture content. International Rules for Seed Testing. Wallisellen, Switzerland.
- Jettner, R.J., Loss, S.P., Siddique, K.H.M., French, R.J., 1999. Optimum plant density of desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) increases with increasing yield potential in south-western Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50. DOI: 10.1071/ar98179.
- Jha, U.C., Nayyar, H., Thudi, M., Beena, R., Vara Prasad, P.V., Siddique, K.H.M., 2024. Unlocking the nutritional potential of chickpea: strategies for biofortification and enhanced multinutrient quality. Frontiers in Plant Science 15, 1391496. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1391496.
- Jukanti, A.K., Gaur, P.M., Gowda, C.L., Chibbar, R.N., 2012. Nutritional quality and health benefits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): a review. The British Journal of Nutrition 108 Suppl 1, S11–26. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114512000797.
- Kashiwagi, J., Krishnamurthy, L., Crouch, J.H., Serraj, R., 2006. Variability of root length density and its contributions to seed yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under terminal drought stress. Field Crops Research 95, 171–181. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2005.02.012.
- Kaur, K., Grewal, S.K., Gill, P.S., Singh, S., 2019. Comparison of cultivated and wild chickpea genotypes for nutritional quality and antioxidant potential. Journal of Food Science and Technology 56, 1864–1876. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03646-4.
- Kaur, R., Prasad, K., 2021. Technological, processing and nutritional aspects of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) - A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology 109, 448–463. DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.044.
- Kaur, S., Gupta, A., Kaur, N., Javed, M., 2014. Biochemical and nutritional characterization of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cultivars. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 84, 479–486. DOI: 10.56093/ijas.v84i4.39461.
- Kaushal, N., Awasthi, R., Gupta, K., Gaur, P., Siddique, K.H.M., Nayyar, H., 2013. Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) are associated with impaired sucrose metabolism in leaves and anthers. Functional Plant Biology 40, 1334–1349. DOI: 10.1071/fp13082.
- Kezeya, B., Muel, F., Smadja, T., Stauss, W., Stute, I., Simmen, M., Mergenthaler, M., 2020. Report on legume markets in the EU. Fachhochschule Südwestfalen, Soest, Germany.
https://www.legumehub.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/d31-report-on-legume-markets-in-theeu.pdf . - Khan, M.A., Akhtar, N., Ullah, I., Jaffery, S., 1995. Nutritional evaluation of desi and kabuli chickpeas and their products commonly consumed in Pakistan. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 46, 215–223. DOI: 10.3109/09637489509012551.
- Kolasinska, K., Szyrmer, J., Dul, S., 2000. Relationship between Laboratory Seed Quality Tests and Field Emergence of Common Bean Seed. Crop Science 40, 470–475. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2000.402470x.
- Kozgar, M., 2014. Mutation Breeding in Chickpea: Perspectives and Prospects for Food Security. Mutation Breeding in Chickpea: Perspectives and Prospects for Food Security, 1–138. DOI: 10.2478/9788376560717
- Landwirtschaftliche Koordinationsstelle, 2018. Sortenversuche Kichererbse LFS Hollabrunn 2018.
https://lako.at/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/kicherbse_hollabr_2018.pdf . - Landwirtschaftliche Koordinationsstelle, 2021. Sortenversuch Kichererbse am Standort der LFS Mistelbach 2021. Amt der NÖ Landesregierung, St. Pölten, Austria.
https://lako.at/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SV_Kichererbse_Mi_2021.pdf . - Lev-Yadun, S., Gopher, A., Abbo, S., 2000. Archaeology. The cradle of agriculture. Science 288, 1602–1603. DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5471.1602.
- Mahbub, R., Francis, N., Blanchard, C., Santhakumar, A., 2021. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of chickpea hull phenolic extracts. Food Bioscience 40, 100850. DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100850.
- Maierhofer, H., Arndorfer, M., Neugschwandtner, R., Wagentristl, H., Lerch, F., 2020. Neue trockenheitstolerante Speise-Leguminosen für Ostösterreich. StartClim 2019, Vienna, Austria.
https://startclim.at/fileadmin/user_upload/StartClim2019/StCl19A_lang.pdf . - Makkar, H.P.S., 2003. Quantification of Tannins in Tree and Shrub Foliage - A Laboratory Manual. Springer Dordrecht, Netherlands.
- Márquez, M.C., Alonso, R., 1999. Inactivation of Trypsin Inhibitor in Chickpea. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 12, 211–217. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1006/jfca.1999.0823 - Merga, B., Haji, J., 2019. Economic importance of chickpea: Production, value, and world trade. Cogent Food & Agriculture 5, DOI: 10.1080/23311932.2019.1615718.
- Mia, W.M., Yamauchi, A., Kono, Y., 1996. Root System Structure of Six Food Legume Species: Inter- and Intraspecific Variations. Japanese Journal of Crop Science 65, 131–140.
- Nemzeti Élelmiszerlánc-biztonsági Hivatal, 2024. Nemzeti fajtajegyzékek. Hungary.
https://portal.nebih.gov.hu/-/nemzeti-fajtajegyzekek . - Neugschwandtner, R.W., Wagentristl, H., Kaul, H.-P., 2015. Nitrogen yield and nitrogen use of chickpea compared to pea, barley and oat in Central Europe. International Journal of Plant Production 9, 291–304. DOI: 10.22069/ijpp.2015.2049.
- Neugschwandtner, R.W., Wichmann, S., Gimplinger, D.M., Wagentristl, H., Kaul, H.-P., 2013. Chickpea performance compared to pea, barley and oat in central Europe: Growth analysis and yield. Turkish Journal of Field Crops 18, 179–184.
- Oficina Española de Variedades Vegetales, 2024. Catálogos nacionales y comunitarios. Madrid, Spain.
https://www.mapa.gob.es/app/regVar/default.aspx . - Onder, S., Can Karaca, A., Ozcelik, B., Alamri, A.S., Ibrahim, S.A., Galanakis, C.M., 2023. Exploring the Amino-Acid Composition, Secondary Structure, and Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Chickpea Protein Isolates. ACS Omega 8, 1486–1495. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06912.
- Peoples, M.B., Brockwell, J., Herridge, D.F., Rochester, I.J., Alves, B.J.R., Urquiaga, S., Boddey, R.M., Dakora, F.D., Bhattarai, S., Maskey, S.L., Sampet, C., Rerkasem, B., Khan, D.F., Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., Jensen, E.S., 2009. The contributions of nitrogen-fixing crop legumes to the productivity of agricultural systems. Symbiosis 48, 1–17. DOI: 10.1007/bf03179980
- Ramadoss, B.R., Balraj, R., Agasimani, S., Elango, D., Thiruvengadam, V., Bapu, J., Ram, G., 2015. Determination of oligosaccharide fraction in a worldwide germplasm collection of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) using high performance liquid chromatography. Australian Journal of Crop Science 9, 605–613.
- Rani, A., Devi, P., Jha, U.C., Sharma, K.D., Siddique, K.H.M., Nayyar, H., 2020. Developing Climate-Resilient Chickpea Involving Physiological and Molecular Approaches With a Focus on Temperature and Drought Stresses. Frontiers in Plant Science 10, 1759. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01759.
- Savage, G., Thompson, D., 1993. Effect of processing on the typsin inhibitor content and nutritive value of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum). Recent Advances of Research in Antinutritional Factors in Legume Seeds, 435–440. Wageningen, Netherlands.
- Segev, A., Badani, H., Galili, L., Hovav, R., Kapulnik, Y., Shomer, I., Galili, S., 2011. Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Affected by Soaking and Cooking Conditions. Food and Nutrition Science 2. DOI: 10.4236/fns.2011.27099.
- Segev, A., Badani, H., Kapulnik, Y., Shomer, I., Oren-Shamir, M., Galili, S., 2010. Determination of polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity in colored chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Journal of Food Science 75, 115–119. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01477.x.
- Singh, A., Prasad, R., Sharma, R.K., 1988. Effects of plant type and population density on growth and yield of chickpea. The Journal of Agricultural Science 110, 1–3. DOI: 10.1017/S0021859600079612.
- Singh, B., Singh, J.P., Kaur, A., Singh, N., 2017. Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of grain legume seeds: A review. Food Research International 101, 1–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.026.
- Singh, U., Kherdekar, M.S., Jambunathan, R., 1982. Studies on Desi and Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Cultivars. The Levels of Amylase Inhibitors, Levels of Oligosaccharides and In Vitro Starch Digestibility. Journal of Food Science 47, 510–512. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb10113.x.
- Sreerama, Y.N., Sashikala, V.B., Pratape, V.M., 2010. Variability in the Distribution of Phenolic Compounds in Milled Fractions of Chickpea and Horse Gram: Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Properties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58, 8322–8330. DOI: 10.1021/jf101335r.
- Turpin, J.E., Herridge, D.F., Robertson, M.J., 2002. Nitrogen fixation and soil nitrate interactions in field-grown chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and fababean (Vicia faba). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 599–608. DOI: doi.org/10.1071/AR01136.
- Wichmann, S., Wagentristl, H., Kaul, H.-P., 2005. Der Anbau von Kichererbsen im Vergleich zu Körnererbsen und Sojabohnen. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Pflanzenbauwissenschaften Band 17, 48. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Pflanzenbauwissenschaften, 28–29. Verlag Günter Heimbach, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Williams, E.R., 1977. Iterative analysis of generalized lattice designs. Australian Journal of Statistics 19, 39–42.
- Xiao, S., Li, Z., Zhou, K., Fu, Y., 2023. Chemical composition of kabuli and desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars grown in Xinjiang, China. Food Science & Nutrition 11, 236–248. DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3056.
- Yenish, J.P., 2007. Weed management in chickpea. Chickpea Breeding and Management, 233–245. DOI: 10.1079/9781845932138.011.
- Zamecnik, G., Lindenthal, T., Rathmanner, T., Himmelfreundpointner, E., 2023. Krisensichere Ernährung. Bewertung ausgewählter eiweissreicher Lebensmittel hinsichtlich Risiken oder Potenziale nachhaltiger Ernährungssicherheit in Österreich. Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau (FiBL) Österreich, Wien.
https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/50778/ . - Zhao, Y., Du, S.K., Wang, H., Cai, M., 2014. In vitro antioxidant activity of extracts from common legumes. Food Chemistry 152, 462–466. DOI: 10.1016/j.food-chem.2013.12.006.