Chickpea Variety Assessment in Austria’s Arid Growing Region: Growth, Yield, and Chemical Composition

Source, type, country, and year of first variety registration according to CPVO, as well as germination rate, TKW of the seeds, and adjusted sowing rate as determined before sowing of the 24 chickpea varieties used in the variety trial.

Tabelle 1. Bezugsquelle, Typ, Land und Jahr der ersten Sortenzulassung gemäß dem Gemeinschaftlichen Sortenamt (CPVO), sowie im Labor bestimmte Keimfähigkeit und Tausendkorngewicht des Saatguts und die daraus berechnete angepasste Aussaatstärke der 24 im Versuch verwendeten Kichererbsensorten.

Variety	Source	Type	Country of first variety registration	Year of first variety registration	Laboratory germination rate (%)	TKW (g)	Adjusted sowing rate (seeds/m²)
Amorgos¹	Saatbau Linz (Austria)	Kabuli	Greece	1997	97	322	52
Analisto	LIDEA Germany GmbH (Germany)	Kabuli	France	2018	87	334	57
Badil	Semo Bio GmbH (Germany)	Kabuli	Spain	2005	94	271	53
Bori	Szarvasi Medicago Kft. (Hungary)	Desi	Hungary	2004	95	118	53
CDC Orion	LIDEA Germany GmbH (Germany)	Kabuli	Canada	2014	90	391	56
Cicerone	Tec2Trade (Austria)	Kabuli	Italy	1995	66	262	76
Donia	Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (Hungary)	Kabuli	Hungary	2013	97	310	52
Dora	Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (Hungary)	Gulabi	Hungary	1986	91	286	55
Elixir	Tec2Trade (Austria)	Kabuli	Portugal	2006	88	315	57
Elmo	LIDEA Germany GmbH (Germany)	Desi	Portugal	1993	78	259	64
Flamenco²	Strube GmbH & Co. KG (Germany)	Kabuli	France	1991	86	280	58
Gavdos	Saatbau Linz (Austria)	Kabuli	Greece	2006	93	531	54
Jafar	Societa Produttori Sementi S.p.A. (Italy)	Kabuli	Italy	2022	91	430	55
Katalin	Szarvasi Medicago Kft. (Hungary)	Desi	Hungary	2018	85	211	59
Maragiá	Tec2Trade (Austria)	Kabuli	Italy	2016	87	435	57
Olga	Research Institute for Fodder Crops Ltd. Troubsko (Czech Republic)	Gulabi	Czech Republic	2017	79	233	63
Pasciá	Tec2Trade (Austria)	Kabuli	Italy	2000	71	446	70
Reale	Societa Produttori Sementi S.p.A. (Italy)	Kabuli	Italy	2002	77	429	65
Rondo²	Strube GmbH (Germany)	Kabuli	France	2019	86	345	58
Sokol	BSV Saaten (Germany)	Kabuli	Russia	2016	83	258	60
Sultano	MyLocalFarm GmbH (Germany)	Kabuli	Italy	1990	83	306	60
Thiva	Saatbau Linz (Austria)	Kabuli	Greece	1986	97	342	52
Twist	RWA AG (Austria)	Kabuli	France	1991	62	350	81
Vulcano	MyLocalFarm GmbH (Germany)	Kabuli	Italy	1996	86	282	58

CPVO: Community Plant Variety Office, TKW: thousand kernel weight

1 Due to the delayed arrival of seeds of the variety Amorgos, the germination value printed on the packaging was used.

2 Due to the delayed arrival of seeds of the varieties Flamenco and Rondo, the average germination rate was calculated by averaging all measured germination rates and the thousand grain weights indicated on the seed packaging were used.

Temperature and precipitation over the growing period of the chickpea variety trial in Fuchsenbigl, Austria, in 2023. Daily average temperature (°C) is indicated by a red solid line; maximum and minimum daily temperatures (°C) are indicated by red dashed lines; daily sum of precipitation (mm) is indicated by bars; monthly long-term average temperature (°C) is indicated by gray horizontal lines; sowing and harvest dates are indicated by green vertical lines.
Abbildung 1. Temperatur und Niederschlag während der Wachstumsperiode des Kichererbsensortenversuchs in Fuchsenbigl, Österreich, im Jahr 2023. Die durchschnittliche Tagestemperatur (°C) wird durch eine rote durchgezogene Linie angezeigt; die maximalen und minimalen Tagestemperaturen (°C) werden durch rote gestrichelte Linien angezeigt; die tägliche Niederschlagssumme (mm) wird durch Balken dargestellt; der monatliche langjährige Durchschnitt der Temperatur (°C) wird durch graue horizontale Linien angezeigt; die Aussaat- und Erntetermine werden durch grüne vertikale Linien angezeigt

Table 2.

Details about development and phenotypic appearance for each of the 24 chickpea varieties in the variety trial in Fuchsenbigl, Austria in 2023 evaluated at 41, 61, and 93 DAS.

Tabelle 2. Details zu Entwicklung und phänologischem Erscheinungsbild der 24 Kichererbsensorten im Sortenversuch in Fuchsenbigl, Österreich im Jahr 2023, bewertet 41, 61 und 93 Tage nach der Aussaat (DAS).

Variety	Calc. field germination rate (%)	Plant density 41 DAS (plants/m²)	Developmental stage 41 DAS (BBCH)	Plants with min. one flower 41 DAS (%)	Developmental stage 61 DAS (BBCH)	Plant canopy height 93 DAS (cm)	Number of pods per plant 93 DAS (n)	Number of seeds per pod 93 DAS (n)
Amorgos	87	45	57	3	77	30	25	1
Analisto	58	33	63	73	80	40	30	2
Badil	74	39	62	88	79	30	30	1
Bori	58	31	53	0	77	20	30	2
CDC Orion	75	42	63	89	79	30	20	1
Cicerone	58	44	55	1	76	40	20	1
Donia	84	44	55	2	76	50	35	1–2
Dora	76	42	54	3	77	40	35	1
Elixir	68	39	57	6	79	35	18	1–2
Elmo	75	48	58	14	80	27	30	1
Flamenco	76	44	59	10	78	25	23	1
Gavdos	50	27	55	2	79	35	15	1–2
Jafar	75	41	57	5	77	42	22	2
Katalin	70	41	57	5	79	32	15	1–2
Maragiá	71	41	58	2	78	40	25	1
Olga	61	38	53	1	77	50	35	1
Pasciá	46	32	55	4	78	35	20	1
Reale	67	44	58	3	77	42	25	1
Rondo	75	43	57	6	77	30	35	1
Sokol	52	31	54	3	77	40	30	1–2
Sultano	60	36	56	1	75	42	30	1
Thiva	76	40	61	28	79	30	25	1
Twist	57	47	55	1	78	30	18	1
Vulcano	66	38	59	6	77	35	25	1

[i] DAS: days after sowing

[ii] Varieties of the Desi type are highlighted in bold.

Table 3.

Yield and yield parameters for each of the 24 chickpea varieties of the variety trial in Fuchsenbigl, Austria, in 2023. Different letters indicate significant statistical differences between means (p < 0.05).

Tabelle 3. Ertrag und Ertragsparameter der 24 Kichererbsensorten im Sortenversuch in Fuchsenbigl, Österreich, im Jahr 2023. Unterschiedliche Buchstaben symbolisieren signifikante statistische Unterschiede zwischen den Mittelwerten (p < 0.05).

Variety	Adjusted yield at 86% dry matter content (dt/ha)	Harvest moisture (%)	TKW (g)	Protein at 86% dry matter content (%)	Protein yield (dt/ha)
Amorgos	25.12 ^a	11.97 ^f	296.0 ^g	20.86 ^g	5.04 ^b
Analisto	16.96 ^ghi	11.66 ^m	281.5 ^hi	22.98 ^a	4.07 ^kl
Badil	17.93 ^fghi	11.67 ^m	249.5 ^lm	20.23 ⁱ	3.84 ⁿ
Bori	16.64 ^hi	12.25 ^c	110.0 ^r	21.85 ^d	3.56 ^p
CDC Orion	22.59 ^abcde	11.41 ^p	335.5 ^e	19.14 ^j	4.30 ^j
Cicerone	20.14 ^fghi	12.49 ^a	276.5 ^ij	20.18 ⁱ	3.86 ⁿ
Donia	21.72 ^bcdefg	12.44 ^b	269.0 ^jk	20.78 ^g	4.31 ^j
Dora	23.71 ^abcd	12.02 ^e	253.0 ^l	20.13 ⁱ	4.62 ^de
Elixir	19.63 ^fgh	12.21 ^cd	288.0 ^gh	20.16 ⁱ	3.87 ^mn
Elmo	19.4 ^bcdefg	11.77 ^jk	239.5 ⁿ	21.29 ^ef	4.41 ^hi
Flamenco	24.02 ^abc	11.72 ^l	268.5 ^jk	21.97 ^d	5.17 ^a
Flamenco⁺	20.58 ^bcdefg	11.72 ^l	244.5 ^mn	22.32 ^c	4.55 ^f
Gavdos	16.28 ⁱ	11.53 ^o	393.5 ^b	22.53 ^bc	3.55 ^p
Jafar	24.79 ^ab	11.58 ⁿ	385.5 ^b	20.91 ^g	4.94 ^c
Katalin	16.81 ^ghi	12.17 ^d	169.0 ^o	21.79 ^d	3.86 ⁿ
Maragiá	22.95 ^abcdef	11.81 ^ij	402.0 ^a	20.01 ⁱ	4.38 ⁱ
Olga	16.2 ^hi	11.84 ^hi	182.0 ^p	22.56 ^b	3.75 ^o
Pasciá	18.85 ^defg	11.85 ^hi	361.0 ^d	21.45 ^e	4.31 ^j
Reale	19.19 ^cdefg	11.75 ^kl	373.5 ^c	21.87 ^d	4.46 ^gh
Rondo	23.10 ^abcdef	11.52 ^o	286.5 ^h	20.84 ^g	4.48 ^g
Sokol	16.55 ^ghi	11.91 ^g	215.0 ^o	22.49 ^bc	4.04 ^l
Sultano	19.97 ^efgh	11.74 ^kl	274.0 ^ij	21.14 ^f	4.09 ^k
Thiva	22.99 ^abcde	11.85 ^h	314.0 ^f	20.51 ^h	4.65 ^d
Twist	18.93 ^abcdef	11.81 ^ij	322.0 ^f	21.20 ^f	4.59 ^e
Vulcano	19.27 ^fghi	12.03 ^e	262.0 ^k	20.69 ^gh	3.91 ^m

[i] Varieties of the Desi type are highlighted in bold; the variety Flamenco with increased sowing density (60 plants/m²) is marked with a +.

Table 4.

TIA, mono-, di-, and oligosaccharide content, as well as polyphenol content of the harvested seed material of the 24 chickpea varieties.

Tabelle 4. Trypsin-Inhibitor-Aktivität (TIA), Mono- Di und Oligosaccharidegehalt sowie Polyphenolgehalt des Erntegutes der 24 untersuchten Kichererbsensorten.

Variety	TIA (mg/g)	Galactose (%)	Glucose (%)	Sucrose (%)	Raffinose (%)	Stachyose (%)	Verbascose (%)	∑ Saccharide (%)	Polyphenol (%)
Amorgos	6.61	0.114	0.040	2.278	0.375	1.545	0.091	4.44	0.10
Analisto	5.29	0.062	0.017	2.162	0.515	1.319	0.079	4.15	0.10
Badil	7.42	0.147	0.034	2.491	0.413	1.919	0.119	5.12	0.12
Bori	7.58	0.097	0.017	1.168	0.308	1.350	0.103	3.04	0.16
CDC Orion	7.03	0.130	0.028	2.816	0.356	1.699	0.102	5.13	0.09
Cicerone	7.57	0.137	0.057	2.343	0.491	1.583	0.091	4.70	0.09
Donia	7.54	0.091	0.029	2.244	0.520	1.542	0.074	4.50	0.10
Dora	5.25	0.102	0.011	2.068	0.534	1.813	0.080	4.61	0.15
Elixir	6.36	0.120	0.051	2.329	0.410	1.555	0.097	4.56	0.1
Elmo	6.15	0.113	0.017	1.558	0.674	2.051	0.102	4.52	0.28
Flamenco	6.11	0.119	0.017	2.628	0.493	1.467	0.079	4.80	0.09
Flamenco	6.00	0.102	0.045	2.633	0.527	1.535	0.079	4.94	0.10
Gavdos	6.83	0.107	0.034	2.730	0.446	1.486	0.079	4.88	0.09
Jafar	6.53	0.079	0.051	2.935	0.407	1.431	0.079	4.98	0.11
Katalin	6.26	0.171	0.046	1.548	0.547	1.679	0.108	4.10	0.3
Maragiá	7.28	0.102	0.023	3.356	0.442	1.650	0.091	5.66	0.10
Olga	5.91	0.147	0.045	1.849	0.403	1.690	0.096	4.23	0.22
Pasciá	7.32	0.136	0.051	2.541	0.318	1.373	0.091	4.51	0.09
Reale	6.99	0.085	0.028	3.156	0.476	1.507	0.085	5.34	0.11
Rondo	5.86	0.090	0.011	2.323	0.537	1.678	0.090	4.73	0.10
Sokol	8.22	0.142	0.045	2.219	0.392	1.754	0.114	4.67	0.1
Sultano	6.83	0.119	0.045	2.368	0.538	1.694	0.085	4.85	0.11
Thiva	6.59	0.142	0.045	2.331	0.408	1.730	0.108	4.76	0.10
Twist	6.90	0.108	0.023	2.574	0.317	1.440	0.079	4.54	0.1
Vulcano	7.33	0.097	0.057	2.455	0.506	1.728	0.097	4.94	0.09

[i] TIA: trypsin inhibitor activity

[ii] Varieties of the Desi type are highlighted in bold; the variety Flamenco with increased sowing density (60 plants/m²) is marked with a +.

Table 5.

Percentage of proteinogenic amino acids relative to dry matter in the harvested seed material of the 24 chickpea varieties, as well as the total AA conten, and content of EAA.

Tabelle 5. Prozentualer Gehalt bezogen auf die Trockenmasse der verschiedenen proteinogenen Aminosäuren des Ernteguts der 24 untersuchten Kichererbsensorten, sowie der gesamte Aminosäuregehalt (AA) und der Gehalt an essenziellen Aminosäuren (EAA).

Variety	Cys (%)	Asp (%)	Met* (%)	Thr* (%)	Ser (%)	Glu (%)	Pro (%)	Gly (%)	Ala (%)	Val* (%)	Ile* (%)	Leu* (%)	Tyr (%)	Phe* (%)	His (%)	Lys* (%)	Arg (%)	∑AA (%)	∑EAA (%)
Amorgos	0.38	2.83	0.36	0.87	1.21	4.15	0.95	0.97	1.04	1.14	1.09	1.82	0.65	1.49	0.64	1.68	2.02	23.29±0.92	8.45±0.47
Analisto	0.36	2.93	0.37	0.89	1.24	4.30	0.98	1.02	1.06	1.14	1.14	1.88	0.67	1.52	0.66	1.71	2.53	24.42±0.98	8.66±0.48
Badil	0.37	2.71	0.35	0.86	1.19	3.87	0.95	0.93	0.99	1.05	1.03	1.74	0.67	1.41	0.61	1.64	2.02	22.39±0.87	8.08±0.45
Bori	0.39	2.80	0.35	0.82	1.22	4.13	0.92	0.95	1.00	1.05	1.05	1.78	0.61	1.41	0.63	1.66	2.63	23.34±0.96	8.10±0.46
CDC Orion	0.35	2.53	0.34	0.82	1.15	3.73	0.92	0.87	0.93	0.97	0.94	1.62	0.62	1.35	0.55	1.49	1.92	21.12±0.83	7.53±0.41
Cicerone	0.38	2.69	0.35	0.87	1.16	3.87	0.99	0.93	0.98	1.05	1.07	1.75	0.65	1.45	0.59	1.63	1.91	22.33±0.86	8.17±0.45
Donia	0.38	2.75	0.35	0.88	1.21	3.95	0.85	0.94	1.00	1.05	1.03	1.76	0.66	1.45	0.60	1.63	1.95	22.44±0.88	8.15±0.45
Dora	0.36	2.61	0.34	0.83	1.15	3.76	0.81	0.89	0.94	0.98	0.97	1.68	0.62	1.37	0.57	1.50	2.00	21.41±0.85	7.68±0.42
Elixir	0.36	2.68	0.34	0.83	1.16	3.91	0.99	0.93	0.98	1.06	1.02	1.72	0.62	1.43	0.60	1.60	1.98	22.21±0.87	8.02±0.44
Elmo	0.38	2.77	0.35	0.86	1.20	4.09	0.88	0.95	1.00	1.07	1.03	1.76	0.62	1.39	0.63	1.66	2.34	22.94±0.93	8.11±0.45
Flamenco	0.37	2.93	0.37	0.91	1.29	4.33	0.87	0.99	1.06	1.10	1.06	1.85	0.68	1.51	0.66	1.68	2.38	24.01±0.98	8.46±0.47
Flamenco+	0.37	2.92	0.37	0.93	1.32	4.34	0.92	1.00	1.07	1.09	1.06	1.86	0.71	1.52	0.67	1.69	2.27	24.07±0.97	8.50±0.47
Gavdos	0.39	2.95	0.37	0.88	1.28	4.32	0.97	1.01	1.08	1.11	1.10	1.88	0.68	1.47	0.68	1.74	2.53	24.39±0.99	8.53±0.48
Jafar	0.39	2.78	0.37	0.88	1.23	4.06	0.87	0.96	1.02	1.06	1.03	1.78	0.66	1.47	0.63	1.65	2.08	22.88±0.91	8.22±0.46
Katalin	0.37	2.90	0.37	0.85	1.23	4.25	0.97	0.99	1.05	1.15	1.08	1.84	0.65	1.53	0.66	1.71	2.48	24.06±0.97	8.53±0.48
Maragiá	0.38	2.67	0.35	0.84	1.18	3.87	0.75	0.93	0.97	1.00	0.98	1.72	0.65	1.41	0.60	1.58	1.86	21.75±0.86	7.90±0.44
Olga	0.41	2.99	0.39	0.92	1.28	4.29	1.02	1.02	1.07	1.20	1.15	1.92	0.69	1.52	0.66	1.78	2.36	24.68±0.97	8.90±0.49
Pasciá	0.38	2.82	0.37	0.87	1.20	4.09	0.98	0.95	1.02	1.12	1.09	1.81	0.66	1.47	0.62	1.68	2.17	23.32±0.92	8.42±0.46
Reale	0.40	2.81	0.37	0.89	1.25	4.09	0.85	0.96	1.02	1.04	1.04	1.78	0.67	1.43	0.62	1.65	2.21	23.06±0.92	8.20±0.45
Rondo	0.37	2.79	0.36	0.87	1.24	4.03	0.90	0.94	1.00	1.05	1.04	1.78	0.66	1.42	0.61	1.61	1.97	22.63±0.90	8.12±0.45
Sokol	0.41	2.99	0.39	0.92	1.29	4.36	1.09	1.02	1.07	1.17	1.14	1.91	0.70	1.58	0.67	1.78	2.34	24.85±0.98	8.89±0.49
Sultano	0.39	2.82	0.34	0.88	1.21	4.07	0.92	0.97	1.04	1.11	1.07	1.79	0.67	1.46	0.63	1.71	2.12	23.15±0.91	8.34±0.47
Thiva	0.36	2.64	0.35	0.83	1.18	3.91	0.94	0.92	0.98	1.01	1.01	1.73	0.64	1.41	0.60	1.60	1.97	22.09±0.87	7.94±0.45
Twist	0.36	2.71	0.35	0.81	1.16	4.01	0.91	0.93	0.99	1.10	1.06	1.75	0.64	1.48	0.61	1.61	2.09	22.59±0.90	8.18±0.45
Vulcano	0.37	2.69	0.35	0.84	1.16	3.93	1.01	0.93	0.99	1.08	1.08	1.77	0.64	1.45	0.61	1.64	1.98	22.48±0.88	8.17±0.47

[i] AA: amino acid, EAA: essential amino acids

[ii] Varieties of the Desi type are highlighted in bold; the variety Flamenco with increased sowing density (60 plants/m²) is marked with +. EAA are marked with ^*.

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/boku-2025-0007 | Journal eISSN: 2719-5430 (formerly 0006-5471) | Journal ISSN: 0006-5471

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Language: English, German

Page range: 91 - 109

Submitted on: May 15, 2024

Accepted on: Nov 12, 2025

Published on: Feb 16, 2026

Published by: Universität für Bodenkultur Wien

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: Volume open

Keywords:

chickpea,

drought tolerance,

climate change adaptation,

plant-based protein,

variety characteristics

Related subjects:

Life sciences,

Ecology,

Life sciences, other

© 2026 Svenja Bomers, Philipp von Gehren, Julia Dittinger, Elisabeth Reiter, Magdalena Wagner, Nathalie Runge, Sylvia Vogl, published by Universität für Bodenkultur Wien
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 76 (2025): Issue 1 (March 2025)

Chickpea Variety Assessment in Austria’s Arid Growing Region: Growth, Yield, and Chemical Composition

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Figure 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Table 4.

Table 5.

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