Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Principal reports of iPSCs attainment in wild animal species reprogramming (Total number of cells plated) × 100
| Species | Common name | Reprogrammed cell type | Reprogramming method | Reprogramming factors | iPSCs characterization | Reprogramming efficiency (5) | PGCs generation | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| Macaca mulatta | Rhesus monkey | Adult fibroblasts | Retroviral vector (pMX) | OSKM | PME, TGLD in vitro and in vivo | 0.033% | No | Liu et al., 2008 |
| Mandrillus leucophaeus | Drill | Adult fibroblasts | Retroviral vector | OSKM | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vivo | 0.0003 | No | Ben-Nun et al., 2011 |
| Ceratotherium simum cottoni | Northern white rhinoceros | Adult fibroblasts | Retroviral vector (retro-VSV. G viruses) | OSKM | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vitro | 0.0006 | No | Ben-Nun et al., 2011 |
| Macaca fascicularis | Long-tailed macaque | Adult fibroblasts/Fetal fibroblasts | Lentivirus vector | OSKM | PME, TGLD in vitro and in vivo | NR | No | Okahara-Narita et al., 2012 |
| Panthera uncia | Snow leopard | Adult fibroblasts | Moloney-based retroviral vectors (pMXs) | OSKM | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vivo | 0.000525% | No | Verma et al., 2012 |
| Bubalus bubalis | Water buffalo | Fetal fibroblasts | Retroviral vector (pMX) | OSKM | Karyotype, PME, TGLDin vivo and in vitro | 0.77% | No | Deng et al., 2012 |
| Microtus ochrogaster | Prairie vole | Embryonic fibroblasts | Ecotropic retrovirus vector | OSKM | PME, TGLD in vivo and in vitro | 0.0013% | No | Manoli et al., 2012 |
| Panthera tigris | Tiger | Adult fibroblasts | Retroviral vector (pMX) | OSKM NANOG | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vivo and in vitro | 0.00065% | No | Verma et al., 2013 |
| Leptailurus serval | Serval | Adult fibroblasts | Retroviral vector (pMX) | OSKM NANOG | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vivo and in vitro | 0.00067% | No | Verma et al., 2013 |
| Panthera onca | Jaguar | Adult fibroblasts | Retroviral vector (pMX) | OSKM NANOG | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vivo and in vitro | 0.00062% | No | Verma et al., 2013 |
| Pan troglodytes | Chimpanzee | Adult fibroblasts | Retroviral vector (non specified) | OSKM | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vivo and in vitro | NR | No | Marchetto et al., 2013 |
| Pan paniscus | Pygmy chimpanzee | Adult fibroblasts | Retroviral vector (non specified) | OSKM | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vivo and in vitro | NR | No | Marchetto et al., 2013 |
| Myotis brandtii | Brandt's bat | Embryonic fibroblasts | PiggyBac (PB) vector | OSKM LIN28 Nr5a2 miR302/367 | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vivo and in vitro | 0.001% | No | Mo et al., 2014 |
| Pan paniscus | Pygmy chimpanzee | Adult fibroblasts | Lentiviral vector | OSKM | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vivo and in vitro | NR | No | Wunderlich et al., 2014 |
| Gorilla gorilla gorilla | Western lowland gorilla | Adult fibroblasts | Lentiviral vector | OSKM | Karyotype, PME expression, TGLD in vivo and in vitro | NR | No | Wunderlich et al., 2014 |
| Pongo abelii | Sumatran orangutans | Adult fibroblasts | Retroviral pMX vector | OSKM | PME, TGLD in vivo and in vitro | NR | No | Ramaswamy et al., 2015 |
| Equus africanus somaliensis | Somali wild ass | Adult fibroblasts | Retroviral vector (non specified) | OSKM | PME | NR | No | Ben-Nun et al., 2015 |
| Bos javanicus | Banteng | Adult fibroblasts | Retroviral vector (non specified) | OSKM | PME | NR | No | Ben-Nun et al., 2015 |
| Neovison vison | American mink | Embryonic fibroblasts | Lentiviral vector + Valproic acid | OSKM | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vivo | 1.2% | No | Menzorov et al., 2015 |
| Tokudaia osimensis | Ryukyu spiny rat | Adult fibroblasts | PiggyBac (PB) transposase vectors | OSKM NANOG | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vivo and in vitro | 0.000333% | Oocytes: 0.29%; Spermatocyte : 0.031% | Honda et al., 2017 |
| Heterocephalus glaber | Naked mole-rat | Adult and embryonic fibroblasts | Lentiviral vector | OSKM | PME, TGLD in vivo and in vitro | 0.24% | No | Lee et al., 2017 |
| Sarcophilus harrisii | Tasmanian devil | Adult fibroblasts | Lentiviral vector | OSKM NANOG LIN28A | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vitro | 0.0002% | No | Weeratunga et al., 2018 |
| Ictidomys tridecemlineatus | Thirteen-lined ground squirrel | Neural precursor cells | Lentiviral and Sendai virus vectors | OSKM | PME, TGLD in vitro | 0.0002% | No | Ou et al., 2019 |
| Ornithorhynchus anatinus | Platypus | Adult fibroblasts | Lentiviral vector | OSKM LIN28 | Karyotype, PME, TGLDin vitro | 0.0002% | No | Withworth et al., 2019 |
| Ictidomys tridecemlineatus | Thirteen-lined ground squirrel | Neural precursor cells | Lentiviral and Sendai virus vectors | OSKM | PME, TGLD in vitro | NR | No | Singhal et al., 2020 |
| Equus grevyi | Grevy's zebra | Adult fibroblasts | Retroviral pMXs vectors | OSKM | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vitro | 0.75% | No | Endo et al., 2022 |
| Ceratotherium simumsimum | Southern white rhinoceros | Adult fibroblasts | Non-integrating Sendai virus | MYC-5 KLF4-3 | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vitro | 0.0077% | Yes PGCME:BMP4 PRDM1 PRDM14 TFAP 2c | Korody et al., 2021 |
| Ceratotherium simum cottoni | Northern white rhinoceros | Adult fibroblasts | Sendai virus vector | OSKM | TGLD in vitro, PGCs differentiation | Embryonic PSCs | No | Hayashi et al., 2022 |
| Dicerorhinus sumatrensis | Sumatran rhinoceros | Adult fibroblasts | Sendai virus vector | OSKM | Karyotype, TGLD in vitro, PME | Efficency range: 0.000013–0.000081% | No | Zywitza et al., 2022 |
| Bactrian camel | Bactrian camel | Fetal fibroblasts | Retroviral vector pMX | OSKM | Karyotype, TGLD in vitro and in vivo | 0.036% | No | Li et al., 2023 |
| Callithrix jacchus | Common marmoset | Peripheral blood mononuclear | Sendai reprogramming kit | KOS C-MYC, KLF-4 | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vitro | 1.7% | No | Seita et al., 2023 |
| Elephas maximus | Asian elephant | Placental endothelial cells | Sendai and lentivirus vectors | OSKM NANOG LIN28A, blocking TPS3 expression | Karyotype, PME, TGLDin vitro | NR | No | Appleton et al., 2024 |
| Macaca nigra | Crested macaque | Adult fibroblasts | Sendai virus reprogramming kit | OSKM | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vitro | 0.12–0.14% | PGCME: BMP4, PRDM1, and TFA2C in vitro | Bao et al., 2024 |
| Hylobates lar | Lar gibbon | Adult fibroblasts | Sendai virus reprogramming kit | OSKM | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vitro | >1% | PGCME: BMP4, PRDM1, and TFA2C in vitro | Bao et al., 2024 |
| Symphalangus syndactylus | Siamang | Adult fibroblasts | Episomal plasmids | OSKM | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vitro | 0.19% | PGCME: BMP4, PRDM1, and TFA2C in vitro | Bao et al., 2024 |
| Nasalis larvatus | Proboscis monkey | Adult fibroblasts | Episomal plasmids | OSKM | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vitro | >1% | PGCME: BMP4, PRDM1, and TFA2C in vitro | Bao et al., 2024 |
| Ailuropoda melanoleuca | Giant panda | Adult fibroblasts | Episomal plasmids | OCT4, SOX2, SV40LT, and KLF4 | PME, karyotype, TGLD in vitro and in vivo, AP activity | 0.00006% | No | Liu et al., 2024 |
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in domestic species and their reprogramming efficiency across different species and induction protocolsThe reprogramming efficiency = (Number of iPSC colonies / Total number of cells plated) × 100
| Species and common name | Reprogrammed cell type | Reprogramming method | Reprogramming factors | iPSCs characterization | Reprogramming efficiency (5) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capra aegagrus hircus (goat) | Lentiviral vector | Bovine POU5F1, SOX2, MYC, KLF4, LIN-28, and NANOG + MIR302/3 +FGF | Colony morphology, AP activity, and TGLD in vitro and in vivo | 0.00016% | Sandmaier et al., 2015 | |
| Canis lupus familiaris (dog) | Sendai virus vector | Human factors OCT3/4, KLF4, SOX2, C-MYC, NANOG, and LIN28A | AP activity in vitro and in vivo TGLD, PME and karyotype | 0.05% | Tsukamoto et al., 2024 | |
| Canis lupus familiaris (dog) | Sendai virus vector | Canine factors OCT3/4, KLF4, SOX2, C-MYC, NANOG, and LIN28A | AP activity in vitro and in vivo TGLD, PME and karyotype | 0.2% | Tsukamoto et al., 2024 | |
| Bos taurus (cattle) | Retroviral vector | OSKM murine factors | AP activity in vitro and in vivo TGLD, PME and karyotype | 0.09% | Cravero et al., 2015 | |
| Bos taurus (cattle) | Retroviral vector | OSKM murine factors | AP expression, TGLD in vivo, PME and karyotype | 0.11% | Cravero et al., 2015 | |
| Sus scrofa domesticus (pig) | Lentiviral vector | OSKM human factors | AP expression, TGLD in vitro, PME | 11.30% | Machado et al., 2020 | |
| Sus scrofa domesticus (pig) | Lentiviral vector | OSKM mice factors | AP expression, TGLD in vitro, PME | 10.14% | Machado et al., 2020 | |
| Sus scrofa domesticus (pig) | Episomal vectors | FGF2, activin A, Chir99021, and IWR1 | Karyotype, PME, TGLD in vivo | 0.13% | Conrad et al., 2023 | |
| Equine (horse) | Polycistronic lentiviral vector | hOSKM (human factors) at 5% O2 | AP detection, PME, TGLD in vitro | 0.08% | de Castro et al., 2020 | |
| Equine (horse) | Polycistronic lentiviral vector | hOSKM (human factors) at 20% to 5% O2 | AP detection, PME, TGLD in vitro | 0.09% | de Castro et al., 2020 | |
| Equine (horse) | Polycistronic lentiviral vector | hOSKM (human factor) at 20% O2 | AP detection, PME, TGLD in vitro | 0.06% | de Castro et al., 2020 | |
| Ovis aries (sheep) | PiggyBac transposon system | Bovine OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, cMYC, porcine NANOG, human LIN28, SV40 large T antigen, and human TERT | Chimeric contribution to the early blastocysts of sheep and mice in vitro, PME | 0.1% | Lui et al., 2021 | |
| Capra aegagrus hircus (goat) | Lentiviral vector | Bovine POU5F1, SOX2, MYC, KLF4, LIN-28, and NANOG reprogramming factors in combination with a MIR302/3 +LIF | Colony morphology, AP expression, and TGLD in vivo and in vitro | 0.00004% | Sandmaier et al., 2015 | |
Principal reports of primordial germ cells (PGCs) or germ line cells attainment in domestic animal species
| Species and common name | Reprogrammed cell type | Reprogramming method | Reprogramming factors | iPSCs or origin cell type characterization | Reprogramming efficiency (5) | PGCs generation and characterization | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capra aegagrus hircus (goat) | ESCs | BMP-4 and RA | BMP-4 and RA (for PGCs differentiation) | Morphology and differentiation ability | Efficiency of oocyte formation from ESCs: 25–34.61% | PGCs markers: VASA, DAZL, STELLA, and PUM1 were detected at protein and mRNA level. | Malik et al., 2020 |
| Canis lupus familiaris (dog) | AMSCs | Culture medium for PGCs differentiation | BMP4 (12.5 ng/mL) for PGCs differentiation | CAMSCs are positive for MSCs markers and PME | NR | PGCME: PRDM1, PRDM14, AP2γ and. male germ markers: PLZF, VASA and DMRT1 | Wei et al., 2016 |
| Bos taurus (cattle) | Adult fibroblasts | 5-azacytidine | BMP2, BMP4 follicular fluid (for PGCs differentiation) | mRNAs for SOX2, OCT4, NANOG and REX | NR | PGCME: VASA, DAZL and GDF9. Also markers of oocytes (ZPA, GDF9 and SCP3) | do Nascimento Costa et al., 2017 |
| Bos taurus (cattle) | Somatic adult cell (no specified) | NR | NR | NR (they work with a iPSCs line previously characterized) | NR | Detection of AP, PME and PGCME: OCT4, DDX4, VASA, and OCT4 and SOX2, as well as of imprinted genes (H19, SNRPN) | Bressan et al., 2019 |
| Bos taurus (cattle) | PB-MSCs, and SSC | CM derived from SCs | CM derived from SCs | Pluripotent, GCs, and MSC marker expression. | NR | SSCs cultured with SCs/CM increased the expression of PIWIL2 and DAZL, while PB-MSCs only increased the expression of DAZL. | Segunda et al., 2024 |
| Equus ferus caballus (horse) | Embryonic fibro-blasts + ESCs | Episomal vector | OSKM + Lin28 | PME expression, in vitro and in vivo | NR | PGCME SOX17/TFAP2C/PRDM1 PGC differentiation in vitro and contribution to chimera in vivo | Yu et al., 2021 |
| Sus scrofa domesticus (pig) | Embryonic fibro-blasts | NR | Porcine iPSCs CM: LIF medium NR specific factors | AP-positive PME, TGLD in vitro | NR | GCM expression: PRDM1, PRDM14, STELLA. DAZL and VASA. Differentiation into SSCs | Wang et al., 2016 |
| Sus scrofa domesticus (pig) | Adult dermal fibroblasts | STEMCCA | SOX2, TFAP, EP4, MYC+ bFGF | PME | 14.58% | GCM (VASA, DAZL) and BLIMP1, PRDM14 | Pieri et al., 2022 |
| Ovis aries (sheep) | MSCs | 10 μM RA | RA for male GSCs differentiation | Three mesenchymal differentiation lineages | NR |
| Ghasemzadeh-Hasankolaei et al., 2014 |
| Capra aegagrus hircus (goat) | GSCs derived from 2–5-month fetal testis | RA for male GSCs differentiation | RA for male GSCs differentiation | Oct4, Sox2, C-myc, and Tert | Efficiency of GSCs lines: 30% | GCM (VASA), and haploid markers (FE-J1, PRM1). Differentiation into sperm-like cells in vivo and sperms in vitro | Hua et al., 2011 |