From Digital Leadership to Performance Through Organisational Agility in Open Education Institutions

	IP	II	IC	IS	IM	OA
IP		2.046	2.039	1.416	1.900	1.643
II	1.772		1.538	1.769	1.737	1.743
IC	2.248	1.957		1.992	2.248	2.251
IS	2.024	2.064	1.692		2.062	2.052
IM	1.325	1.398	1.422	1.416		1.428
OA	1.439	1.762	1.788	1.769	1.793

Table 2

Constructs Reliability, Validity and Item Loadings.

CONSTRUCTS	ITEMS	LOADINGS	CA	CR	AVE
Individualised Consideration (IC)	IC1	0.761	0.841	0.858	0.613
	IC2	0.784
	IC3	0.837
	IC4	0.842
	IC5	0.678
Idealised Influence (II)	II1	0.773	0.758	0.760	0.581
	II2	0.785
	II3	0.665
	II4	0.819
Inspirational Motivation (IM)	IM1	0.873	0.863	0.865	0.710
	IM2	0.857
	IM3	0.867
	IM4	0.770
Institutional Performance (IP)	IP1	0.805	0.831	0.834	0.663
	IP2	0.825
	IP3	0.841
	IP4	0.785
Intellectual Stimulation (IS)	IS1	0.817	0.796	0.798	0.552
	IS2	0.748
	IS3	0.755
	IS4	0.690
	IS5	0.696
Organisational Agility (OA)	OA1	0.842	0.837	0.841	0.671
	OA2	0.838
	OA3	0.776
	OA4	0.819

[i] Notes: CR = Composite Reliability; CA = Cronbach Alpha; AVE = Average Variance Extracted.

Table 3

Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) Ratios.

	IC	II	IM	IP	IS
II	0.774
IM	0.484	0.506
IP	0.589	0.56	0.572
IS	0.81	0.666	0.502	0.652
OA	0.559	0.552	0.402	0.748	0.603

Table 4

Hypothesis Testing Results.

HYPOTHESES	BETA	T-STATISTICS	P-VALUES	2.50%	97.50%	DECISION
H1: IC –> IP	0.078	1.336	0.182	–0.033	0.194	Rejected
H2: IC –> OA	0.141	2.069	0.039	0.003	0.269	Accepted
H3: IC –> OA –> IP	0.057	2.059	0.040	0.003	0.113	Accepted
H4: II –> IP	0.036	0.703	0.482	–0.062	0.138	Rejected
H5: II –> OA	0.176	3.214	0.001	0.067	0.280	Accepted
H6: II –> OA –> IP	0.072	2.800	0.005	0.026	0.126	Accepted
H7: IM –> IP	0.229	4.766	0.000	0.128	0.317	Accepted
H8: IM –> OA	0.099	2.116	0.034	0.006	0.189	Accepted
H9: IM –> OA –> IP	0.040	2.106	0.035	0.004	0.081	Accepted
H10: IS –> IP	0.171	2.987	0.003	0.060	0.283	Accepted
H11: IS –> OA	0.272	4.402	0.000	0.152	0.388	Accepted
H12: OA –> IP	0.408	8.805	0.000	0.317	0.497	Accepted
H13: IS –> OA –> IP	0.111	4.004	0.000	0.062	0.170	Accepted

[i] Notes: Significant < 0.05.

Table 5

Effect Sizes (f²).

	IP	OA
IC	0.005	0.013
II	0.001	0.026
IM	0.082	0.011
IS	0.029	0.056
OA	0.236

Table 6

PLSpredicts.

	Q²PREDICT	PLS-RMSE	LM-RMSE	PLS-LM
IP1	0.355	0.645	0.642	0.003
IP2	0.230	0.630	0.634	–0.004
IP3	0.258	0.679	0.702	–0.023
IP4	0.155	0.732	0.727	0.005
OA1	0.242	0.624	0.628	–0.004
OA2	0.199	0.635	0.652	–0.017
OA3	0.147	0.694	0.709	–0.015
OA4	0.197	0.631	0.647	–0.016

Table 7

Cross-Validated Predictive Ability Test (CVPAT).

	AVERAGE LOSS DIFFERENCE	t-VALUE
IP	–0.152	6.947
OA	–0.101	5.342
Overall	–0.127	7.404

Table 8

Importance-Performance Map Analysis (IPMA).

	IMPORTANCE	PERFORMANCE
IC	0.135	66.906
II	0.108	67.003
IM	0.270	66.716
IS	0.282	67.967
OA	0.408	62.284

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.55982/openpraxis.18.3.1120 | Journal eISSN: 2304-070X

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Language: English

Page range: 523 - 538

Submitted on: Jan 10, 2026

Accepted on: Apr 10, 2026

Published on: Aug 4, 2026

Published by: International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE)

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

ODDE institutions,

digital leadership,

organisational agility,

institutional performance,

transformational leadership

© 2026 Zahir Osman, Huong-An Thi Nguyen, published by International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 18 (2026): Issue 3

From Digital Leadership to Performance Through Organisational Agility in Open Education Institutions

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Table 1