
Figure 1
The Community of Inquiry Framework.
Note: Figure adapted from Garrison et al. (1999), CC-BY.

Figure 2
The ABCS for AI-supported Social Presence.
Note: Image of the blocks was created using OpenAI’s Dall-E (CC-BY).


The Community of Inquiry Framework.
Note: Figure adapted from Garrison et al. (1999), CC-BY.

The ABCS for AI-supported Social Presence.
Note: Image of the blocks was created using OpenAI’s Dall-E (CC-BY).
© 2025 Jered Borup, Richard E. West, Patrick Lowenthal, Leanna Archambault, published by International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.