Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Learning Between the Lines: Anaesthetists’ Conceptions of the Implicit Curriculum in Postgraduate Education Cover

Learning Between the Lines: Anaesthetists’ Conceptions of the Implicit Curriculum in Postgraduate Education

Open Access
|Jun 2026

References

  1. Proumen LA, Uribe-Marquez S, Booth LGJ, Mitchell JD. Artificial intelligence in medical education. Anesthesiol Clin. 2025;43(3):563576. DOI: 10.1016/j.anclin.2025.05.008
  2. Weller JM, Naik VN, San Diego RJ. Systematic review and narrative synthesis of competency-based medical education in anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2020;124(6):748760. DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.10.025
  3. Smith AF, Glavin R, Greaves JD. Defining excellence in anaesthesia: the role of personal qualities and practice environment. Br J Anaesth. 2011;106(1):3843. DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeq308
  4. Hodges BD. A tea-steeping or i-Doc model for medical education? Acad Med. 2010;85(9 Suppl):S34S44. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181f12f32
  5. Boet S, Larrigan S, Martin L, et al. Measuring non-technical skills of anaesthesiologists in the operating room: a systematic review of assessment tools and their measurement properties. Br J Anaesth. 2018;121(6):12181226. DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.07.028
  6. Flin R, Patey R, Glavin R, Maran N. Anaesthetists’ non-technical skills. Br J Anaesth. 2010;105(1):3844. DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeq134
  7. Eraut M. Non-formal learning and tacit knowledge in professional work. Br J Educ Psychol. 2000;70(Pt 1):113136. DOI: 10.1348/000709900158001
  8. Lawrence C, Mhlaba T, Stewart KA, et al. The hidden curricula of medical education: a scoping review. Acad Med. 2018;93(4):648656. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002004
  9. Hafferty FW, Franks R. The hidden curriculum, ethics teaching, and the structure of medical education. Acad Med. 1994;69(11):861871. DOI: 10.1097/00001888-199411000-00013
  10. Pope C, Smith A, Goodwin D, Mort M. Passing on tacit knowledge in anaesthesia: a qualitative study. Med Educ. 2003;37(7):650655. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2923.2003.01581.x
  11. Marton F, Booth SA. Learning and awareness. Mahwah (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1997.
  12. Bowden J. Reflections on the phenomenographic team research process. In: Bowden J, Green P, editors. Doing developmental phenomenography. Melbourne: RMIT University Press; 2005. pp. 1131.
  13. Åkerlind GS. Common misunderstandings of phenomenographic research in higher education. High Educ Res Dev. 2024;43(1):116. DOI: 10.1080/07294360.2023.2218804
  14. Malterud K, Siersma VD, Guassora AD. Sample size in qualitative interview studies: guided by information power. Qual Health Res. 2016;26(13):17531760. DOI: 10.1177/1049732315617444
  15. Dahlgren L-O, Fallsberg M. Phenomenography as a qualitative approach in social pharmacy research. J Soc Adm Pharm. 1991;8(4):150156.
  16. Parra Larrotta S, Hernández Rincón EH, Niño Correa D, Jaimes Peñuela CL, Romero Tapia AE. Effects of the hidden curriculum in medical education: scoping review. JMIR Med Educ. 2025;11:e68481. DOI: 10.2196/68481
  17. Lingard L, Espin S, Whyte S, et al. Communication failures in the operating room: an observational classification of recurrent types and effects. Qual Saf Health Care. 2004;13(5):330334. DOI: 10.1136/qshc.2003.008425
  18. Balmer DF, Hall E, Fink M, Richards BF. How do medical students navigate the interplay of explicit curricula, implicit curricula, and extracurricula to learn curricular objectives? Acad Med. 2013;88(8):11351141. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31829a6c39
  19. Cruess SR, Cruess RL, Steinert Y. Supporting the development of a professional identity: general principles. Med Teach. 2019;41(6):641649. DOI: 10.1080/0142159X.2018.1536260
  20. Haber JA, Ellaway RH, Chun R, Lockyer JM. Exploring anesthesiologists’ understanding of situational awareness: a qualitative study. Can J Anaesth. 2017;64(8):810819. DOI: 10.1007/s12630-017-0904-2
  21. Larsson J, Holmström IK. How excellent anaesthetists perform in the operating theatre: a qualitative study on non-technical skills. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110(1):115121. DOI: 10.1093/bja/aes359
  22. St Pierre M, Nyce JM. How novice and expert anaesthetists understand expertise in anaesthesia: a qualitative study. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):262. DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02180-8
  23. Smith A, Goodwin D, Mort M, Pope C. Expertise in practice: an ethnographic study exploring acquisition and use of knowledge in anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2003;91(3):319328. DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeg180
  24. Li GJ, Sherwood M, Bezjak A, Tsao M. Assessing the hidden curriculum in medical education: a scoping review and residency program’s reflection. Can Med Educ J. 2024;15(5):113124. DOI: 10.36834/cmej.78841
  25. Meyer R, Archer E, Smit L. The positive influence of the hidden curriculum in medical education: a scoping review. Med Sci Educ. 2025;35(3):18171826. DOI: 10.1007/s40670-025-02380-1
  26. Lave J, Wenger E. Situated learning: legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1991. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511815355
  27. Billett S. Workplace participatory practices: conceptualising workplaces as learning environments. J Workplace Learn. 2004;16(6):312324. DOI: 10.1108/13665620410550295
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/pme.2224 | Journal eISSN: 2212-277X
Language: English
Page range: 512 - 522
Submitted on: Oct 26, 2025
Accepted on: Apr 29, 2026
Published on: Jun 15, 2026
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2026 Hanna Chin, Åke Ingerman, Linda Block, Helena Odenstedt Hergès, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.