Figure 1
Study context and data collection.
The study context was a 12-week clerkship consisting of 4 weeks gynecology, 4 weeks pediatrics and 4 off-ward weeks. The feedback training consisted of (1) a preparatory feedback assignment, (2) feedback conversations with patients and (3) a facilitated reflection session. Group A participated in the facilitated reflection session in week 5, group B participated in week 12. The questionnaires students completed during their clerkship are displayed in blue.
BPFQ = beliefs about patient feedback questionnaire, FPQ = feedback perception questionnaire.
Table 1
Beliefs about patient feedback questionnaire.
| 1. | Involving patients in my learning process through the use of patient-feedback is meaningful |
| 2. | Patient-feedback within ‘this’ clerkship is useful |
| 3. | Feedback should only be provided by clinical supervisors |
| 4. | In general, I am confident that the feedback I receive from patients is of good quality |
| 5. | In general, I am confident that the feedback I receive from patients helps me to improve my performance |
| 6. | Being capable of dealing with critical patient-feedback is an important skill |
| 7. | Being capable of improving one’s work based on received patient-feedback is an important skill |
[i] This questionnaire was developed by building on the Beliefs about peer-feedback questionnaire [17].
Table 2
Feedback perception questionnaire (in context of patient feedback).
| SCALE | ITEM |
|---|---|
| PERCEIVED ADEQUACY OF FEEDBACK | |
| 1. | I am satisfied with this feedback |
| 2. | I consider this feedback fair |
| 3. | I consider this feedback justified |
| 4. | I consider this feedback useful |
| 5. | I consider this feedback helpful |
| 6. | This feedback provides me a lot of support |
| 7. | I accept this feedback |
| 8. | I dispute this feedback |
| 9. | I reject this feedback |
| Willingness to improve | |
| 10. | Based on this feedback, I am willing to improve my performance |
| 11. | I am willing to invest a lot of effort in improving the skills I received feedback on |
| 12. | I am willing to, during my clerkships, work on further developing the skills I received feedback on |
[i] This questionnaire was developed by building on the Feedback Perception Questionnaire for peer-feedback. [31] All items answered on a bi-polar scale from 0 (fully disagree) to 10 (fully agree).
Figure 2
Flowchart of study participants and participant responses.
BPFQ = beliefs about patient feedback questionnaire; FPQ = feedback perception questionnaire.
Table 3
Change in general beliefs and message perceptions of patient feedback after training.
| n | PRE MEAN (SD) | POST MEAN (SD) | Δ MEAN (SD) | df | p | d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beliefs about patient feedback questionnaire | |||||||
| BPF | 79 | 4.22(.45) | 3.95(.53) | –0.27 (.43) | 78 | <0.01 | .63 |
| Feedback message perceptions questionnaire | |||||||
| FPPAF | 69 | 7.97 (1.66) | 7.32 (2.00) | 0.65 (1.63) | 68 | <0.01 | .40 |
| FPWI | 69 | 7.32 (2.42) | 7.12 (2.34) | 0.20 (1.78) | 68 | 0.35 | – |
[i] Δ = difference; n = number of students, SD = standard deviation, d = Cohen’s d, BPF = Beliefs about patient feedback, FPPAF = Perceived adequacy of feedback, FPWI = Willingness to improve.