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Isolation, Identification, and Fermentation Medium Optimization of a Caproic Acid‑Producing Enterococcus casseliflavus Strain from Pit Mud of Chinese Strong Flavor Baijiu Ecosystem Cover

Isolation, Identification, and Fermentation Medium Optimization of a Caproic Acid‑Producing Enterococcus casseliflavus Strain from Pit Mud of Chinese Strong Flavor Baijiu Ecosystem

Open Access
|Dec 2022

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

The yield of caproic acid of different isolated strains.
The yield of caproic acid of different isolated strains.

Fig. 2

Morphological and phylogenetic characteristics of the F6 strain.
a) Colony morphology of strain BF-1, b) Gram staining and SEM image showing the coccoid shape of the BF-1 strain, c) phylogenetic analysis of strain BF-1 based on BLAST results.
Morphological and phylogenetic characteristics of the F6 strain. a) Colony morphology of strain BF-1, b) Gram staining and SEM image showing the coccoid shape of the BF-1 strain, c) phylogenetic analysis of strain BF-1 based on BLAST results.

Fig. 3

Genome annotation of strain BF-1.
A) COG functional gene classification, B) KEGG functional gene classification.
Genome annotation of strain BF-1. A) COG functional gene classification, B) KEGG functional gene classification.

Fig. 4

Caproic acid production pathway of strain BF-1. Substrates are shown in purple, products are shown in red, annotated genes are shown in green, and non-annotated genes are shown in blue.
Caproic acid production pathway of strain BF-1. Substrates are shown in purple, products are shown in red, annotated genes are shown in green, and non-annotated genes are shown in blue.

Fig. 5

Single-omission growth experiments based on CDM.
Single-omission growth experiments based on CDM.

Fig. 6

Effects of adding carbon and nitrogen compounds on caproic acid yield of strain BF-1.
a) Effects of different carbon sources, b) effects of different nitrogen sources, c) effect of glucose addition, d) effect of yeast extract addition.
Effects of adding carbon and nitrogen compounds on caproic acid yield of strain BF-1. a) Effects of different carbon sources, b) effects of different nitrogen sources, c) effect of glucose addition, d) effect of yeast extract addition.

Fig. 7

Effect of supplying essential nutrients to the fermentation medium on the cell growth and caproic acid production by E. casseliflavus BF-1 strain.
Effect of supplying essential nutrients to the fermentation medium on the cell growth and caproic acid production by E. casseliflavus BF-1 strain.

Fig. 8

Effect of adding of inorganic salts and growth factors on caproic acid production by strain BF-1. a) Sodium acetate, b) MgSO4 · 7H2O, c) KH2PO4, d) K2HPO4, e) (NH4)2SO4, f) L‑cysteine, g) biotin, h) ethanol.
Effect of adding of inorganic salts and growth factors on caproic acid production by strain BF-1. a) Sodium acetate, b) MgSO4 · 7H2O, c) KH2PO4, d) K2HPO4, e) (NH4)2SO4, f) L‑cysteine, g) biotin, h) ethanol.

Results of L16 (44) orthogonal experiment_

GlucoseYeast extractSodium acetateEthanolCaproic acid production (g/l)
11111.76
12221.99
13331.81
14441.63
21232.33
22142.22
23412.79
24321.96
31341.87
32432.43
33122.12
34211.96
41422.44
42312.56
43242.08
44131.56
K11.7982.11.9152.268
K22.3252.32.092.127
K32.0952.222.052.033
K42.161.7772.3221.95
R0.5270.5230.4070.318

Basic characteristics of the genome of strain BF-1_

FeaturesBF-1
Read-Num8,697,842 bp
HQ reads8,663,546 bp
Genome size2,968,377 bp
G + C content43.52%
ORF number3270
ORF density0.967 genes per kb
ORF average length907,76 bp
Intergenetic region length414,643 bp
Coding percentage87.74%
rRNA3
tRNA53
ncRNA113
Q value40
Q20-rate98.84
Q30-rate95.83
Contig N50372,495 bp
Scaffold N50570,209 bp
Contig total sequence length3,383,020 bp
Scaffold total sequence length3,383,020 bp

Orthogonal experiment of four factors and four levels_

LevelFactor A (glucose g/l)Factor B (yeast extract g/l)Factor C (sodium acetate g/l)Factor D (ethanol %)
1101021
2202042
3303063
4404084

Variance analysis of the strain BF-1 orthogonal experiment_

Variance sourceSum of squaresFreedomMean squareF-valuep-valueSignificance
Correction model  1.766a120.14714.5370.025
Intercept70.183170.1836,933.0320.000
Factor A  0.58330.19419.1820.018*
Factor B  0.61630.20520.2680.017*
Factor C  0.34530.11511.3540.038*
Factor D  0.22330.0747.3420.068
Error  0.03030.010
Total71.97916
Corrected total  1.79615

The occurrence of virulence factor encoding genes in the strain BF-1 genome_

Related genesVFclass
ebpA, ebpC, srtC, efaA, slrAAdherence
cpsA, cpsB, cpsJAntiphagocytosis
bopDBiofilm formation
Toxin
Exoenzyme
ctpVCopper up take
capD, cps4I, cpsYImmune evasion
htrA/degPProtease
cheYRegulation

Results of physiological and biochemical experiments_

BF-1strain
Voges-Proskauer testMannitol+
MRtest+Fructose+
Gelatin hydrolysisStachyose+
Starch hydrolysis+Cellobiose+
Nitrate reductionXylose+
Lactose+Galactose+
Sucrose+Glycerin
Raffinose+Mannose+
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2022-052 | Journal eISSN: 2544-4646 | Journal ISSN: 1733-1331
Language: English
Page range: 563 - 575
Submitted on: Sep 19, 2022
Accepted on: Nov 11, 2022
Published on: Dec 21, 2022
Published by: Polish Society of Microbiologists
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2022 Hao Luo, Tao Li, Jia Zheng, Kaizheng Zhang, Zongwei Qiao, Huibo Luo, Wei Zou, published by Polish Society of Microbiologists
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.