
A Balancing Act: Towards a Conceptual Framework for the Governance of Buyer-Supplier Relationships in Defence Supply Chains
By: Olger Pedersen, Marianne Jahre and Andreas Norrman
References
- Adsanver, B., Balcik, B., Bélanger, V., & Rancourt, M.-È. (2023). Operations research approaches for improving coordination, cooperation, and collaboration in humanitarian relief chains: A framework and literature review. European Journal of Operational Research, 319(1), 384–398. 10.1016/j.ejor.2023.11.031
- Ahlqvist, V., Norrman, A., & Jahre, M. (2020). Supply chain risk governance: Towards a conceptual multi-level framework. Operations and Supply Chain Management, 15(4), 382–385. 10.31387/oscm0430278
- Almäng, J. (2019). War, vagueness and hybrid war. Defence Studies, 19(2), 189–204. 10.1080/14702436.2019.1597631
- Alqahtani, F., Selviaridis, K., & Stevenson, M. (2023). The effectiveness of performance-based contracting in the defence sector: A systematic literature review. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 29(5), 10877. 10.1016/j.pursup.2023.100877
- Anderson, E. G., Keith, D. R., & Lopez, J. (2023). Opportunities for system dynamics research in operations management for public policy. Production and Operations Management, 32(6). 10.1111/poms.13947
- Arlbjørn, J. S., & Freytag, P. V. (2012). Public procurement vs private purchasing: Is there any foundation for comparing and learning across the sectors? International Journal of Public Sector Management, 25(3), 203–220. 10.1108/09513551211226539
- Bergaust, J. C., & Sellevåg, S. R. (2024). Improved conceptualising of hybrid interference below the threshold of armed conflict. European Security, 33(2), 169–195. 10.1080/09662839.2023.2267478
- Berzina, I. (2020). From ‘total’ to ‘comprehensive’ national defence: The development of the concept in Europe. Journal on Baltic Security, 6(2), 1–9. 10.2478/jobs-2020-0006
- Bonatto, F., Resende, L. M. M. de, & Pontes, J. (2022). Supply chain governance: A conceptual model. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 37(2), 309–325. 10.1108/JBIM-09-2019-0418
- Bygballe, L. E., Dubois, A., & Jahre, M. (2023). The importance of resource interaction in strategies for managing supply chain disruptions. Journal of Business Research, 154, 113333. 10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113333
- Bygballe, L. E., Endresen, M., & Fålun, S. (2018). The role of formal and informal mechanisms in implementing lean principles in construction projects. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 25(10), 1322–1338. 10.1108/ECAM-07-2017-0138
- Caldwell, N., & Howard, M. (2014). Contracting for complex performance in markets of few buyers and sellers The case of military procurement. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 34(2), 270–294. 10.1108/IJOPM-10-2013-0444
- Christopher, M., & Peck, H. (2004). Building the resilient supply chain. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 15(2), 1–14. 10.1108/09574090410700275
- Christopher, M., & Towill, D. R. (2002). Developing market specific supply chain strategies. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 13(1), 1–14. 10.1108/09574090210806324
- Cusumano, E. (2015). The scope of military privatisation: Military role conceptions and contractor support in the United States and the United Kingdom. International Relations, 29(2), 219–241. 10.1177/0047117814552142
- Datta, P. P., & Roy, R. (2011). Operations strategy for the effective delivery of integrated industrial product-service offerings: Two exploratory defence industry case studies. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 31(5), 579–603. 10.1108/01443571111126337
- Datta, P. P., & Roy, R. (2013). Incentive issues in performance-based outsourcing contracts in the UK defence industry: A simulation study. Production Planning & Control, 24(4–5, SI), 359–374. 10.1080/09537287.2011.648488
- Datta, P. P., Srivastava, A., & Roy, R. (2013). A simulation study on maintainer resource utilisation of a fast jet aircraft maintenance line under availability contract. Computers in Industry, 64(5), 543–555. 10.1016/j.compind.2013.02.011
- Davids, C., Beeres, R., & van Fenema, P. C. (2013). Operational defense sourcing: Organising military logistics in Afghanistan. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 43(2, SI), 116–133. 10.1108/IJPDLM-11-2011-0198
- Davis, P. (2007). The effectiveness of relational contracting in a temporary public organization: Intensive collaboration between an English local authority and private contractors. Public Administration, 85(2), 383–404. 10.1111/j.1467-9299.2007.00653.x
- Diehlmann, F., Klein, M., Wiens, M., Lüttenberg, M., & Schultmann, F. (2022). On the effects of authorities’ disaster interventions in public-private emergency collaborations. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 79, 103140. 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103140
- Dube, N., Li, Q., Selviaridis, K., & Jahre, M. (2022). One crisis, different paths to supply resilience: The case of ventilator procurement for the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 28(5), 100773. 10.1016/j.pursup.2022.100773
- Duong, L. N. K., & Chong, J. (2020). Supply chain collaboration in the presence of disruptions: A literature review. International Journal of Production Research, 58(11), 3488–3507. 10.1080/00207543.2020.1712491
- Durach, C. F., Kembro, J., & Wieland, A. (2017). A new paradigm for systematic literature review in supply chain management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 53(4), 67–85. 10.1111/jscm.12145
- Dyer, J. H., Singh, H., & Hesterly, W. S. (2018). The relational view revisited: A dynamic perspective on value creation and value capture. Strategic Management Journal, 39(12), 3140–3162. 10.1002/smj.2785
- Ekström, T., Hilletofth, P., & Skoglund, P. (2020). Differentiation strategies for defence supply chain design. Journal of Defense Analytics and Logistics, 4(2), 183–202. 10.1108/JDAL-06-2020-0011
- Ekström, T., Hilletofth, P., & Skoglund, P. (2021). Towards a purchasing portfolio model for defence procurement – A Delphi study of Swedish defence authorities. International Journal of Production Economics, 233, 107996. 10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107996
- Emerson, K., Nabatchi, T., & Balogh, S. (2012). An integrative framework for collaborative governance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 22(1), 1–29. 10.1093/jopart/mur011
- Erbel, M. (2017). The underlying causes of military outsourcing in the USA and UK: Bridging the persistent gap between ends, ways and means since the beginning of the Cold War. Defence Studies 17(2), 135–155. 10.1080/14702436.2017.1294970
- Erbel, M., & Kinsey, C. (2018). Think again – Supplying war: Reappraising military logistics and its centrality to strategy and war. Journal of Strategic Studies, 41(4), 519–544. 10.1080/01402390.2015.1104669
- Finnish Security Committee. (2017). Vocabulary of comprehensive security – Turvallisuuskomitea.
https://turvallisuuskomitea.fi/en/comprehensive-security/vocabulary-of-comprehensive-security/ - Fisher, M. (1997). What is the right supply chain for your product? Harvard Business Review, 75(2), 105.
- Friday, D., Ryan, S., Sridharan, R., & Collins, D. (2018). Collaborative risk management: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 48(3), 231–253. 10.1108/IJPDLM-01-2017-0035
- Gemente, G. B., da Silva, A. L., da Silva, E. M., & Costa, F. H. (2024). Pressures, power relationships and governance mechanisms: A multi-tier supply chain approach. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 35(1), 1–28. 10.1108/IJLM-05-2021-0291
- Glas, A., Hofmann, E., & Essig, M. (2013). Performance-based logistics: A portfolio for contracting military supply. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 43(2, SI), 97–115. 10.1108/IJPDLM-12-2011-0229
- Glas, A. H. (2017). Preferential treatment from the defense industry for the military. Journal of Defense Analytics and Logistics, 1(2), 96–119. 10.1108/JDAL-09-2017-0019
- Grandia, J., & Warsen, R. (2023). Procurement under pressure: Shifting governance strategies in turbulent times. Public Management Review, 1–19. 10.1080/14719037.2023.2281973
- Håkansson, H., & Axelsson, B. (2020). What is so special with outsourcing in the public sector? Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 35(12), 2011–2021. 10.1108/JBIM-06-2019-0280
- Häyhtiö, M. (2016). Requirements as operational metrics? – Case: Finnish defense forces. Management and Production Engineering Review, 7(3), 49–61. 10.1515/mper-2016-0025
- Heaslip, G., & Barber, E. (2014). Using the military in disaster relief: Systemising challenges and opportunities. Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 4(1), 60–81. 10.1108/JHLSCM-03-2013-0013
- Hellberg, R. (2023). Swedish public procurement and the defence industry: Obstacles and opportunities. Journal of Defense Analytics and Logistics, 7(2), 103–137. 10.1108/JDAL-12-2022-0015
- Hoetker, G., & Mellewigt, T. (2009). Choice and performance of governance mechanisms: Matching alliance governance to asset type. Strategic Management Journal, 30(10), 1025–1044. 10.1002/smj.775
- Hoffman, F. G. (2016). The contemporary spectrum of conflict: Protracted, gray zone, ambiguous, and hybrid modes of war. The Heritage Foundation, 25–36.
- Howard, M., Wu, Z., Caldwell, N., Jia, F., & Konig, C. (2016). Performance-based contracting in the defence industry: Exploring triadic dynamics between government, OEMs and suppliers. Industrial Marketing Management, 59, 63–75. 10.1016/j.indmarman.2016.05.030
- Hu, Q., Yeo, J., & Kapucu, N. (2022). A systematic review of empirical emergency management network research: Formation and development, properties, and performance. The American Review of Public Administration, 52(4), 280–297. 10.1177/02750740221077348
- Huang, M.-C., Cheng, H.-L., & Tseng, C.-Y. (2014). Reexamining the direct and interactive effects of governance mechanisms upon buyer–supplier cooperative performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(4), 704–716. 10.1016/j.indmarman.2014.02.001
- Hufty, M. (2011).
Investigating policy processes: The governance analytical framework (GAF) . In U. Wiesmann & H. Hurni (Eds.), Research for sustainable development: Foundations, experiences, and perspectives (pp. 403–424). Geographica Berenesia. - Humphries, A. S., & Wilding, R. (2004). UK defence supply chain relationships: A study of sustained monopoly. Management Decision, 42(2), 259–276. 10.1108/00251740410516149
- Jahre, M., Pazirandeh, A., & Van Wassenhove, L. (2016). Defining logistics preparedness: A framework and research agenda. Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 6(3), 372–398. 10.1108/JHLSCM-04-2016-0012
- Johnsen, T., Howard, M., & Miemczyk, J. (2009). UK defence change and the impact on supply relationships. Supply Chain Management, 14(4), 270–279. 10.1108/13598540910970108
- Juntunen, J., Juntunen, M., & Autere, V. (2011). A case study on the role of the Finnish Defence Forces in the transport sector. Journal of Military Studies, 2(1), 34–43. 10.1515/jms-2016-0176
- Juntunen, J., Juntunen, M., & Autere, V. (2012). Outsourcing strategies of the security sector through acquisition procedures. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 42(10), 931–946. 10.1108/09600031211281439
- Kaneberg, E. (2018). Managing commercial actors in strategic networks in emergency preparedness: A study of multiple networks from Sweden. Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 8(2), 153–183. 10.1108/JHLSCM-05-2017-0018
- Kaneberg, E., Piotrowicz, W. D., Abikova, J., Listou, T., Schiffling, S. A., Paciarotti, C., Vega, D., & Adalgeirsdottir, K. (2023). Defence organisations in emergency networks: The early response to COVID-19 in Europe. Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, ahead-of-print, 13(1), 91–105. 10.1108/JHLSCM-11-2021-0114
- Kinsey, C. (2014). Transforming war supply: Considerations and rationales behind contractor support to UK overseas military operations in the twenty-first century. International Journal, 69(4), 494–509. 10.1177/0020702014542814
- Kleemann, F. C., Glas, A., & Essig, M. (2012). Public procurement through performance-based logistics: Conceptual underpinnings and empirical insights. Journal of Public Procurement, 12(2), 151–188. 10.1108/jopp-12-02-2012-b001
- Kovács, G., & Tatham, P. (2009). Responding to disruptions in the supply network-from dormant to action. Journal of business logistics, 30(2), 215–229. 10.1002/j.2158-1592.2009.tb00121.x
- Kress, M. (2002). Operational logistics. The art and science of sustaining military operations. Kleuwer Academic Publishers. 10.1007/978-1-4615-1085-7
- Larson, P. D. (2011).
Risky business: What humanitarians can learn from business logisticians – and vice versa . In M. Cristopher & P. Tatham (Eds.), Humanitarian logistics: Meeting the challenge of preparing for and responding to disasters (pp. 15–31). Kogan Page. - Lee, H. L. (2002). Aligning supply chain strategies with product uncertainties. California Management Review, 44(3), 105–119. 10.2307/41166135
- Listou, T. (2013). How to supply a frigate. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 43(2), 134–147. 10.1108/IJPDLM-11-2011-0203
- Listou, T. (2015). Supply chain designs for preparedness. Lund University.
- Meehan, J., Menzies, L., & Michaelides, R. (2017). The long shadow of public policy; Barriers to a value-based approach in healthcare procurement. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 23(4), 229–241. 10.1016/j.pursup.2017.05.003
- Meershoek, N., Manunza, E., & Senden, L. (2023). Ensuring military-logistic capabilities through discriminatory public procurement? Legal routes to overcome a personnel shortage. Public Procurement Law Review, 2023(3), 141–156.
- Mentzer, J. T., DeWitt, W., Keebler, J. S., Min, S., Nix, N. W., Smith, C. D., & Zacharia, Z. G. (2001). Defining supply chain management. Journal of Business logistics, 22(2), 1–25. 10.1002/j.2158-1592.2001.tb00001.x
- Meynhardt, T. (2009). Public value inside: What is public value creation? International Journal of Public Administration, 32(3–4), 192–219. 10.1080/01900690902732632
- Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
- Moore, A. (2017). US military logistics outsourcing and the everywhere of war. Territory Politics Governance, 5(1), 5–27. 10.1080/21622671.2016.1160837
- Moore, M. H. (1997). Creating public value: Strategic management in government. Harvard university press.
- Norrman, A., & Eriksson Ahre, E. (2024). Contextualising supply chain risk governance in critical infrastructure sectors: Insights from the Swedish food system. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 35(7), 33–59. 10.1108/IJLM-1-2023-0444
- Norrman, A., & Jansson, U. (2004). Ericsson’s proactive supply chain risk management-approach after a serious supplier accident. International Journal of Physical Distribution &Logistics Management, 34(5), 434–456. 10.1108/09600030410545463
- Norrman, A., & Naslund, D. (2019). Supply chain incentive alignment: The gap between perceived importance and actual practice. Operations and Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 12(3), 129–142. 10.31387/oscm0380237
- Norrman, A., & Wieland, A. (2020). The development of supply chain risk management over time: Revisiting Ericsson, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 50(6), 641–666. 10.1108/IJPDLM-07-2019-0219
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (2012). NATO logistics handbook. NATO.
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (2018). Allied joint doctrine for civil-military cooperation (AJP-3.19) (Edition A Version 1). NATO.
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (2022). Allied Joint Doctrine (AJP-01) (Edition F Version 1). NATO.
- Norwegian Defence Commission. (2023). Norwegian Defence Commission of 2021—English short version (NOU 2023: 14).
https://files.nettsteder.regjeringen.no/wpuploads01/sites/495/2023/06/forsvarskommisjonen_kortversjon-1.7_singel.pdf - Norwegian Ministry of Defence. (2020). Prop. 14 S (2020–2021) Evne til forsvar – vilje til beredskap. Langtidsplan for forsvarssektoren.
https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/prop.–14-s-20202021/id2770783/ - Nurmala, N., de Vries, J., & de Leeuw, S. (2018). Cross-sector humanitarian–business partnerships in managing humanitarian logistics: An empirical verification. International Journal of Production Research, 56(21), 6842–6858. 10.1080/00207543.2018.1449977
- Parker, D., & Hartley, K. (2003). Transaction costs, relational contracting and public private partnerships: A case study of UK defence. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 9(3), 97–108. 10.1016/S0969-7012(02)00035-7
- Perla, P. (2022). Wargaming and the cycle of research and learning. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 5(1), 197–208. 10.31374/sjms.124
- Poppo, L., & Zenger, T. (2002). Do formal contracts and relational governance function as substitutes or complements? Strategic Management Journal, 23(8), 707–725. 10.1002/smj.249
- Prebilič, V. (2006). Theoretical aspects of military logistics. Defense & Security Analysis, 22(2), 159–177. 10.1080/14751790600764037
- Randall, W. S., Hawkins, T. G., Haynie, J. J., Nowicki, D. R., Armenakis, A. A., & Geary, S. R. (2015). Performance-based logistics and interfirm team processes: An empirical investigation. Journal of Business Logistics, 36(2), 212–230. 10.1111/jbl.12084
- Rietjens, S. J., Voordijk, H., & De Boer, S. J. (2007). Coordinating humanitarian operations in peace support missions. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 16(1), 56–69. 10.1108/09653560710729811
- Sari, A. (2020). Legal resilience in an era of grey zone conflicts and hybrid threats. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 33(6), 846–867. 10.1080/09557571.2020.1752147
- Schmitt, M. N. (2004). Humanitarian law and direct participation in hostilities by private contractors or civilian employees. Chicago Journal of International Law, 5, 511.
- Sharma, P., & Kulkarni, M. S. (2016). Bayesian belief network for assessing impact of factors on army’s lean–agile replenishment system. Journal of Military Studies, 7(1), 11–23. 10.1515/jms-2016-0002
- Simatupang, T. M., & Sridharan, R. (2005). Supply chain discontent. Business Process Management Journal, 11(4), 349–369. 10.1108/14637150510609390
- Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. (2023, April 24). World military expenditure reaches new record high as European spending surges. SIPRI.
https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2023/world-military-expenditure-reaches-new-record-high-european-spending-surges - Skoglund, P. (2012). Sourcing decisions for military logistics in Peace Support Operations: A case study of the Swedish armed forces. Jönköping International Business School.
- Sodhi, M. S., & Tang, C. S. (2021). Supply chain management for extreme conditions: Research opportunities. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 57(1), 7–16. 10.1111/jscm.12255
- Sterman, J. (2002). System dynamics: Systems thinking and modeling for a complex world. ESD Working Papers. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Engineering Systems Division.
- Strandsbjerg, J., & Dahlberg, R. (2024). Creating the Joint Arctic Command: Cutting cost or preparing for the future? Strategic culture, Arctic security and strategic reasoning within the Kingdom of Denmark. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 7(1), 48–61. 10.31374/sjms.228
- Survila, A., Tvaronavičiene, A., Shapoval, R., & Peleckiene, V. (2016). Defence and security public procurement: Analysis of managerial and legal issues. Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, 6(2), 299–314. 10.9770/jssi.2016.6.2(9)
- Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency. (2024, July 26). Heightened state of alert and war.
https://www.krisinformation.se/en/hazards-and-risks/hojd-beredskap-och-krig - Tachizawa, E. M., & Wong, C. Y. (2015). The performance of green supply chain management governance mechanisms: A supply network and complexity perspective. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 51, 18–32. 10.1111/jscm.12072
- Tchokogué, A., Fortin, J., & Nollet, J. (2015). Outsourcing Canadian Armed Forces logistics in a foreign theatre. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences-Revue Canadienne des Sciences de L Administration, 32(2), 113–127. 10.1002/cjas.1315
- Torvatn, T., & De Boer, L. (2017). Public procurement reform in the EU: Start of a new era? IMP Journal, 11(3), 431–451. 10.1108/IMP-09-2015-0056
- Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British Journal of Management, 14(3), 207–222. 10.1111/1467-8551.00375
- Tunisini, A., Harrison, D., & Bocconcelli, R. (2023). Handling resource deficiencies through resource interaction in business networks. Industrial Marketing Management, 109, 154–163. 10.1016/j.indmarman.2022.12.016
- Vecchi, V., Cusumano, N., & Boyer, E. J. (2020). Medical supply acquisition in Italy and the United States in the era of COVID-19: The case for strategic procurement and public–private partnerships. The American Review of Public Administration, 50(6–7), 642–649. 10.1177/027507402094206
- Wallenius, C., Berglund, A. K., Brandow, C., & Hede, S. (2021). Anchoring Sweden’s downsized military – People’s attitude to, knowledge about, and trust in our military defense. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 4(1), 78–93. 10.31374/sjms.69
- Waluszewski, A., & Wagrell, S. (2013). Public purchasing policy as innovation killer? IMP Journal, 7(1), 1–11.
- Wang, H., Qi, H., & Ran, B. (2022). Public–private collaboration led by private organisations in combating crises: Evidence from China’s fighting against COVID-19. Administration & Society, 54(1), 3–28. 10.1177/00953997211009890
- Wilding, R., & Humphries, A. S. (2006). Understanding collaborative supply chain relationships through the application of the Williamson organisational failure framework. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, 36(4), 309–329. 10.1108/09600030610672064
- Wilhite, A., Burns, L., Patnayakuni, R., & Tseng, F. (2014). Military supply chains and closed-loop systems: Resource allocation and incentives in supply sourcing and supply chain design. International Journal of Production Research, 52(7), 1926–1939. 10.1080/00207543.2013.787173
- Williamson, O. E. (1979).
Transaction-cost economics: The governance of contractual relations . The journal of Law and Economics, 22(2), 233–261.http://www.jstor.org/stable/725118 - Yoho, K. D., Rietjens, S., & Tatham, P. (2013). Defence logistics: An important research field in need of researchers. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 43(2), 80–96. 10.1108/IJPDLM-03-2012-0079
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.354 | Journal eISSN: 2596-3856
Language: English
Page range: 152 - 177
Submitted on: Oct 24, 2024
Accepted on: Mar 21, 2025
Published on: May 6, 2025
Published by: Scandinavian Military Studies
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
© 2025 Olger Pedersen, Marianne Jahre, Andreas Norrman, published by Scandinavian Military Studies
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.