Insights Into Clil Practices: Bilingual Education in Poland’s Primary and Secondary Schools
By: Anna Szczesniak and Iwona Gryz
References
- Borecka, V. (2024). Editor’s note: Foreign Language Education in Poland – Plural perspectives. Bellaterra Journal of Teaching & Learning Language & Literature, 17(2), e1105. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/jtl3.1105
- Bower, J., Pittas, G., & Tompkins, J. (2025). Editorial: CLIL beyond the frontiers. Frontiers in Education, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1560415
- Bruton, A. (2011). Is CLIL so beneficial, or just selective? Re-evaluating some of the research. System, 39(4), 523–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2011.08.002
- Bruton, A. (2013). CLIL: Some of the reasons why…and why not. System, 41(3), 587–597. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2013.07.001
- Coyle, D., Hood, P., & Marsh, D. (2010). CLIL: Content and Language Integrated Learning. Cambridge University Press.
- Czura, A., Papaja, K., & Urbaniak, M. (2009). Bilingual education and the emergence of CLIL in Poland. In D. Marsh, P. Mehisto, D. Wolff, R. Aliaga, T. Asikainen, & G. Langé (Eds.), CLIL practice: Perspectives from the field (pp. 172–178). University of Jyväskylä.
- Czura, A., & Papaja, K. (2013). Curricular models of CLIL education in Poland. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 16(3), 321–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2013.777388
- Czura, A., & Anklewicz, A. (2018). Pupils’ and teachers’ perceptions of CLIL in primary school: A case study. Linguodidactica, 22, 47–63. https://doi.org/10.15290/lingdid.2018.22.03
- European Council. (2002). Barcelona European Council. Presidency Conclusions. Press Release 100/1/02.
- Czura, A., & Anklewicz, M. (2018). Teachers’ challenges in CLIL implementation in Poland. Resistances Journal, 6(11).
- Eurydice. (2006). Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) at school in Europe. Publications Office of the European Union.
- Garcia, M., & Vélez Yanza, E. (2025). The impact of CLIL implementation on elementary EFL learners: a literature review. Resistances Journal, 6(11).
- Gozdawa-Gołębiowski, R., Nawort-Lis, B., Opacki, M., & Skoczylas, K. (2019). State of the Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL): Implementation in vocational schools across Europe. Polish Journal of Continuing Education, 3, 169–189. https://doi.org/10.34866/nevxqe11
- Górowska-Fells, M. (2012). Kluczowe dane o nauczaniu języków obcych w Europie, [Key Data on Teaching Foreign Languages in Europe.], Języki Obce w Szkole, 4, 51–56.
- Komorowska, H. (2009). Lekcje w szkole z oddziałami dwujęzycznymi. In H. Komorowska, Skuteczna nauka języka obcego. Struktura i przebieg zajęć językowych, Wydawnictwa (pp. 159–169). Centralnego Ośrodka Doskonalenia Nauczycieli.
- Leshchenko, M., Lavrysh, Y., & Halatsyn, K. (2018). The role of Content and Language Integrated Learning at Ukrainian and Polish educational systems: Challenges and implications. Advanced Education, 9, 17–25. https://doi.org/10.20535/2410-8286.133409
- Marsh, D., & Marsland, B. (1999). Learning with languages. A professional development programme for introducing content and language integrated learning. University of Jyväskylä.
- Marsh, D., Maljers, A., & Hartiala, A. K. (2001). Profiling European CLIL Classrooms: Languages Open Doors. European Platform for Dutch Education & University of Jyväskylä.
- Marsh, D., Zając, M., & Gozdawa-Gołębiowska, H. (2008). Profile report Bilingual Education (English) in Poland. Overview of practice in selected schools. CODN.
- Milla Lara, M., & Casas Pedrosa, A. (2018). Teacher perspectives on CLIL implementation: A within-group comparison of key variables. Porta Linguarum, 29, 159–180. https://doi.org/10.30827/Digibug.54032
- Papaja, K. (2010). A qualitative evaluation of content and language integrated learning (CLIL) in Polish secondary education [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Uniwersytet Śląski.
- Papaja, K. (2014a). How to teach in CLIL? Some remarks on CLIL methodology. In M. Pawlak, J. Bielak, & A. Mystkowska-Wiertelak (Eds.), Classroomoriented research: Achievement and challenges (pp. 229–240). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00188-3_15
- Papaja, K. (2014b). Focus on CLIL. A qualitative evaluation of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) in Secondary Education. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Papaja, K., & Rojczyk, A. (2024). How creative and curious are CLIL teachers? Investigating the effect of CLIL teaching experience and the level of education. Moderna Språk, 118(3), 144–162. https://doi.org/10.58221/mosp.v118i3.13654
- Pérez Cañado, M. L. (2018). The evolution of bilingual education in monolingual contexts: An Andalusian case study. In P. Romanowski & M. Jedynak (Eds.), Current research in Bilingualism and Bilingual Education (pp. 207–241). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92396-3_12
- Romanowski, P. (2016). Some reflections on the idiosyncrasy of bilingual education in secondary schools in Poland. In S. Grucza, M. Olpińska-Szkiełko, & P. Romanowski (Eds.), Bilingual Landscape of the Contemporary World (pp. 173–188). Peter Lang.
- Romanowski, P. (2018). CLIL models in Polish lower-secondary schools. Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny, 65(4), 592–605. https://doi.org/10.24425/kn.2018.125006
- Romanowski, P. (2019). A comparative study of CLIL trajectories in the Polish education system. ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries, 16(2), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.4312/elope.16.2.63-76
- Soler, D., González Davies, M., & Iñesta, A. (2017). What makes CLIL leadership effective? A case study. ELT Journal, 71(4), 478–490. https://doi.org/10.1093/ELT/CCW093
- Szczesniak, A., & Muñoz Luna, R. (2022). Teachers’ perceptions of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) in primary schools in Andalusia. Porta Linguarum, 37, 237–257. https://doi.org/10.30827/PortaLin.vi37.18414
- Wolff, D. (2003). Content and Language Integrated Learning: A framework for the development of learner autonomy. In D. Little, J. Ridley, & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Learner autonomy in the foreign language classroom: Teacher, learner, curriculum and assessment (pp. 211–222). Authentik.
- Wolff, D. (2007). CLIL: Bridging the gap between school and working life. In D. Marsh & D. Wolff (Eds.), Diverse contexts – Converging goals. CLIL in Europe (pp. 15–25). Peter Lang.
- Wolff, D., & Otwinowska-Kasztelanic, A. (2010). CLIL – przełomowe podejście w edukacji europejskiej [CLIL – A Crucial Approach in European Education], Języki Obce w Szkole. Numer specjalny: CLIL w polskich szkołach (6), 7–13. http://www.bc.ore.edu.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=265&from=&dirids=1
- Wysocka-Narewska, M. (2021). CLIL teachers and their (de)fossilized language competence. Beyond Philology, 18(4), 93–120. https://doi.org/10.26881/bp.2021.4.04
- Zielonka, B. (2007). CLIL in Poland. In A. Maljers, D. Marsh, & D. Wolff (Eds.), Windows on CLIL. Content and Language Integrated Learning in the European Spotlight (pp. 147–153). European Platform for Dutch Education.
Language: English
Page range: 181 - 206
Published on: May 31, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year
Related subjects:
© 2026 Anna Szczesniak, Iwona Gryz, published by Vytautas Magnus University, Institute of Foreign Languages
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License.