References
- Amitai M, Chen A, Weizman A, Apter A. SSRI-Induced Activation Syndrome in Children and Adolescents—What Is Next? Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry. 2015;2(1):28–37.
- Zito JM, Tobi H, de Jong-van den Berg LTW, Fegert JM, Safer DJ, Janhsen K, et al. Antidepressant prevalence for youths: a multi-national comparison. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2006 Nov;15(11):793–8.
- Strawn JR, Mills JA, Poweleit EA, Ramsey LB, Croarkin PE. Adverse Effects of Antidepressant Medications and their Management in Children and Adolescents. Pharmacotherapy. 2023 Jan 18;
- Dwyer JB, Bloch MH. Antidepressants for Pediatric Patients. Curr Psychiatr. 2019 Sept;18(9):26–42F.
- Goldsmith M, Singh M, Chang K. Antidepressants and psychostimulants in pediatric populations: is there an association with mania? Paediatr Drugs. 2011 Aug 1;13(4):225–43.
- Mills JA, Strawn JR. Antidepressant Tolerability in Pediatric Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: A Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling Meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020 Nov;59(11):1240–51.
- Bertolín S, Alonso P, Segalàs C, Real E, Alemany-Navarro M, Soria V, et al. First manic/hypomanic episode in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients treated with antidepressants: A systematic review. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2021;137:319–27.
- Carlson GA, Mick E. Drug-induced disinhibition in psychiatrically hospitalized children. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2003;13(2):153–63.
- Hamrin V, Scahill L. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for children and adolescents with major depression: current controversies and recommendations. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2005 May;26(4):433–50.
- Kolevzon A, Mathewson KA, Hollander E. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in autism: a review of efficacy and tolerability. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;67(3):407–14.
- Martin A, Young C, Leckman JF, Mukonoweshuro C, Rosenheck R, Leslie D. Age effects on antidepressant-induced manic conversion. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004 Aug;158(8):773–80.
- Salvadore G, Quiroz JA, Machado-Vieira R, Henter ID, Manji HK, Zarate CA. The neurobiology of the switch process in bipolar disorder: a review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Nov;71(11):1488–501.
- Ipser JC, Stein DJ, Hawkridge S, Hoppe L. Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2023 Apr 21];(3). Available from:
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005170.pub2/full - Luft MJ, Lamy M, DelBello MP, McNamara RK, Strawn JR. Antidepressant-Induced Activation in Children and Adolescents: Risk, Recognition and Management. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2018 Feb;48(2):50–62.
- Rey JM, Martin A. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and suicidality in juveniles: review of the evidence and implications for clinical practice. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2006 Jan;15(1):221–37.
- Riddle MA, King RA, Hardin MT, Scahill L, Ort SI, Chappell P, et al. Behavioral Side Effects of Fluoxetine in Children and Adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 1990 Jan;1(3):193–8.
- Strawn JR, Welge JA, Wehry AM, Keeshin B, Rynn MA. Efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants in pediatric anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2015 Mar;32(3):149–57.
- Aldrich SL, Poweleit EA, Prows CA, Martin LJ, Strawn JR, Ramsey LB. Influence of CYP2C19 Metabolizer Status on Escitalopram/Citalopram Tolerability and Response in Youth With Anxiety and Depressive Disorders. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:99.
- Reinblatt SP, DosReis S, Walkup JT, Riddle MA. Activation adverse events induced by the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009 Apr;19(2):119–26.
- Stefánsdóttir ÍH, Ivarsson T, Skarphedinsson G. Efficacy and safety of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nord J Psychiatry. 2023 Feb;77(2):137–46.
- Keeton CP, Kolos AC, Walkup JT. Pediatric generalized anxiety disorder: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Paediatr Drugs. 2009;11(3):171–83.
- Safer DJ, Zito JM. Treatment-emergent adverse events from selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors by age group: children versus adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2006;16(1–2):159–69.
- Bussing R, Murphy TK, Storch EA, McNamara JPH, Reid AM, Garvan CW, et al. Psychometric properties of the Treatment-Emergent Activation and Suicidality Assessment Profile (TEASAP) in youth with OCD. Psychiatry Res. 2013 Feb 28;205(3):253–61.
- Maj M, Pirozzi R, Magliano L, Bartoli L. The prognostic significance of “switching” in patients with bipolar disorder: a 10-year prospective follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Oct;159(10):1711–7.
- American Psychiatric Association, editor. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association; 2013. 947 p.
- Akaltun İ, Ayaydin H. Fluoxetine-related mania in an adolescent girl diagnosed with selective mutism: A case report. Asia Pac Psychiatry. 2020 Mar;12(1):e12367.
- Hogg S, Ansari S, Masood Q, Agius M, Rihmer Z. Are SSRIs responsible for precipitating suicidal ideation in teenagers with “sub-syndromal” bipolar affective disorder who have been misdiagnosed with unipolar depression? Psychiatr Danub. 2016 Sept;28(Suppl-1):79–82.
- Kochman FJ, Hantouche EG, Ferrari P, Lancrenon S, Bayart D, Akiskal HS. Cyclothymic temperament as a prospective predictor of bipolarity and suicidality in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2005 Mar;85(1–2):181–9.
- Dwyer JB, Stringaris A, Brent DA, Bloch MH. Annual Research Review: Defining and treating pediatric treatment-resistant depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020 Mar;61(3):312–32.
- Joseph MF, Youngstrom EA, Soares JC. Antidepressant-coincident mania in children and adolescents treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Future Neurol. 2009 Jan 1;4(1):87–102.
- Pruett JRJ, Luby JL. Recent advances in prepubertal mood disorders: phenomenology and treatment. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2004 Jan;17(1):31.
- Sakolsky D, Birmaher B. Developmentally Informed Pharmacotherapy for Child and Adolescent Depressive Disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2012;21(2):313–25.
- Strawn JR, Dobson ET, Giles LL. Primary Pediatric Care Psycho-pharmacology: Focus on Medications for ADHD, Depression, and Anxiety. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2017 Jan;47(1):3–14.
- Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021 Mar 29;372:n71.
- McKeown S, Mir ZM. Considerations for conducting systematic reviews: evaluating the performance of different methods for de-duplicating references. Systematic Reviews. 2021 Jan 23;10(1):38.
- Valizadeh A, Moassefi M, Nakhostin-Ansari A, Hosseini Asl SH, Saghab Torbati M, Aghajani R, et al. Abstract screening using the automated tool Rayyan: results of effectiveness in three diagnostic test accuracy systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2022 June 2;22(1):160.
- Becker EA, Crismon ML, Shafer A, Hayat J. SSRI Use and Behavioral Disruption Among Children and Adolescents at Austin State Hospital. Tex Med. 2009 May 1;105(5):e1–5.
- Diler RS. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in children with major depressive disorder. Bridging Eastern and Western Psychiatry. 2005;3(1):39–44.
- Manassis K. When attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder co-occurs with anxiety disorders: effects on treatment. Expert Rev Neurother. 2007 Aug;7(8):981–8.
- Patel DR, Brown KA, Greydanus DE. Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Pain Management. 2020 Dec;13(3):279–87.
- Pulzara Velasco DM, Ospina Pinillos L. Activation Syndrome in Children and Adolescents Treated with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría. 2024 Apr 1;53(2):184–91.
- Bussing R, Reid AM, McNamara JPH, Meyer JM, Guzick AG, Mason DM, et al. A pilot study of actigraphy as an objective measure of SSRI activation symptoms: results from a randomized placebo controlled psychopharmacological treatment study. Psychiatry Res. 2015 Feb 28;225(3):440–5.
- Herscu P, Handen BL, Arnold LE, Snape MF, Bregman JD, Ginsberg L, et al. The SOFIA Study: Negative Multi-center Study of Low Dose Fluoxetine on Repetitive Behaviors in Children and Adolescents with Autistic Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020 Sept;50(9):3233–44.
- Reid JM, Storch EA, Murphy TK, Bodzin D, Mutch PJ, Lehmkuhl H, et al. Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Treatment-Emergent Activation and Suicidality Assessment Profile. Child Youth Care Forum. 2010 Feb 4;39(2):113–24.
- Reid AM, McNamara JPH, Murphy TK, Guzick AG, Storch EA, Goodman WK, et al. Side-effects of SSRIs disrupt multimodal treatment for pediatric OCD in a randomized-controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res. 2015 Dec;71:140–7.
- Martin A, Koenig K, Anderson GM, Scahill L. Low-dose fluvoxamine treatment of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders: a prospective, open-label study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2003 Feb;33(1):77–85.
- Murphy T, Storch E, Strawser M, Ba. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced behavioral activation in the PANDAS subtype. Primary Psychiatry. 2006 Aug 1;13.
- Rosenberg DR, Stewart CM, Fitzgerald KD, Tawile V, Carroll E. Paroxetine open-label treatment of pediatric outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999 Sept;38(9):1180–5.
- Vitiello B, Silva SG, Rohde P, Kratochvil CJ, Kennard BD, Reinecke MA, et al. Suicidal events in the Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS). J Clin Psychiatry. 2009 Apr 21;70(5):741–7.
- Vorstman J, Lahuis B, Buitelaar JK. SSRIs associated with behavioral activation and suicidal ideation. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001 Dec;40(12):1364–5.
- Zuckerman ML, Vaughan BL, Whitney J, Dodds A, Yakhkind A, MacMillan C, et al. Tolerability of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in thirty-nine children under age seven: a retrospective chart review. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2007 Apr;17(2):165–74.
- Diler RS, Avci A. SSRI-induced mania in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999 Jan;38(1):6–7.
- Ghaziuddin M. Mania induced by sertraline in a prepubertal child. Am J Psychiatry. 1994 June;151(6):944.
- Grubbs JH. SSRI-induced mania: Comment. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997 Apr;36(4):445–445.
- Heimann SW, March JS. SSRI-induced mania. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996 Jan;35(1):4.
- Kat H. More on SSRI-induced mania. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996 Aug;35(8):975.
- Kul M, Kilincaslan A, Yumru M, Kandemir H, Adaletli H, Ceylan MF. Escitalopram-associated mania in a child. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008 Feb;18(1):119–20.
- McConville BJ, Minnery KL, Sorter MT, West SA, Friedman LM, Christian K. An open study of the effects of sertraline on adolescent major depression. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1996;6(1):41–51.
- Oldroyd J. Paroxetine-induced mania. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997 June;36(6):721–2.
- Pravin D, Srinath S, Girimaji S, Seshadri SP. Citalopram and mania. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004 July;43(7):791.
- Sharkey L, O’Donovan A. Paroxetine induced mania in pre-adolescence. Ir J Psychol Med. 2004 Mar;21(1):30–1.
- Toros F, Tatarog̃lu C, Diler RS. The effectiveness and tolerability of citalopram in a Turkish sample of children with obsessive compulsive disorder. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni. 2002;12(3):134–41.
- Venkataraman S, Naylor MW, King CA. Mania associated with fluoxetine treatment in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1992 Mar;31(2):276–81.
- Özcan Ö, Özdemir S, Kütük ÖM. Manic symptoms as a symptom of antidepressant discontinuation syndrome in a child. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013 Sept;23(7):507–8.
- Goodyer IM, Dubicka B, Wilkinson P, Kelvin R, Roberts C, Byford S, et al. A randomised controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy in adolescents with major depression treated by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The ADAPT trial. Health Technology Assessment. 2008;12(14):iii–60.
- Narayan V, Haddad PM. Antidepressant discontinuation manic states: a critical review of the literature and suggested diagnostic criteria. J Psychopharmacol. 2011 Mar 1;25(3):306–13.
- Garcia-Delgar B, Morer A, Varela E, Romero S, García M, Coffey BJ, et al. Activation in Children and Adolescents Treated With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: A Weighty Reason? J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2018 Oct;38(5):475–80.
- Henry CA, Shervin D, Neumeyer A, Steingard R, Spybrook J, Choueiri R, et al. Retrial of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in children with pervasive developmental disorders: a retrospective chart review. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009 Apr;19(2):111–7.
- Henry CA, Steingard R, Venter J, Guptill J, Halpern EF, Bauman M. Treatment outcome and outcome associations in children with pervasive developmental disorders treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a chart review. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2006;16(1–2):187–95.
- Mosheva M, Mekori E, Kantor S, Berg Y, Weizman A, Gothelf D. Do Antidepressants Induce Psychosis in Children and Adolescents? A Naturalistic Study in Ambulatory Pediatric Population. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016 June;26(5):478–84.
- Malhi GS, Jadidi M, Bell E. The diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: Past, present and future. Bipolar Disord. 2023 Sept;25(6):469–77.
- Diler RS, Avci A. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in children and adolescents. Swiss Med Wkly. 2002 Aug 24;132(33–34):470–7.
- Breggin PR. Recent US, Canadian and British regulatory agency actions concerning antidepressant-induced harm to self and others: A review and analysis. International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine. 2004;16(4):247–59.
- Guy W. ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology. Rev. Rockville, Md: U. S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute of Mental Health, Psychopharmacology Research Branch, Division of Extramural Research Programs; 1976. 603 p. (DHEW publication ; no. (ADM) 76-338).
- Emslie GJ, Walkup JT, Pliszka SR, Ernst M. Nontricyclic antidepressants: current trends in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999 May;38(5):517–28.
- Goodman WK, Murphy TK, Storch EA. Risk of adverse behavioral effects with pediatric use of antidepressants. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007 Mar;191(1):87–96.