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Beyond the Jersey: How National Bias Fuels Player Identification and Reshapes Sports Consumption Cover

Beyond the Jersey: How National Bias Fuels Player Identification and Reshapes Sports Consumption

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research
Volume 112 (2026): Issue 1 (January 2026)
By: ,   and    
Open Access
|May 2026
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Theoretical model.

Figure 2

Hypothesized model with loadings and R-squared values.

Figure 3

Theoretical model with path coefficients.

Figure 4

(a) Importance–performance map (Latent variable (LV) = AI). (b) Importance–performance map (LV = MCI). (c) Importance–performance map (LV = LMCI).

HTMT ratio_

AILMCIMCIPISFETI
AI
LMCI0.814
MCI0.6130.598
PI0.4470.3850.753
SFE0.4170.3890.6790.777
TI0.8120.7290.5450.4320.477

Fornell–Larcker criterion_

AILMCIMCIPISFETI
1. AI 0.951
2. LMCI0.774 0.958
3. MCI0.5820.570 0.955
4. PI0.4230.3650.714 0.947
5. SFE0.3640.3420.5920.662 0.767
6. TI0.7540.6800.5070.3990.408 0.921

Structural path analysis: Hypothesis tests_

Hypotheses numbersHypothesesPath values (Beta)Sample mean (M)SD T statisticsBias corrected at 95% confidence interval P valuesDecision R squared f squared
2.5% LL97.5%UL
H1SFE – > MCI0.1510.1490.0582.6210.0310.2640.009Supported0.578 MCI)0.029
H2SFE – > PI0.6620.6640.03419.7410.5970.7240.000Supported0.437 (PI)0.778
H3SFE – > TI0.2560.2610.0584.3810.1380.3690.000Supported0.193 (TI)0.046
H4TI – > AI0.6960.6950.03122.5730.6310.7490.000Supported0.585 (AI)0.987
H5TI – > MCI0.2390.2370.0327.5250.1800.3030.000Supported 0.109
H6TI – > LMCI0.6350.6330.03916.1290.5400.7100.000Supported0.470 (LMCI)0.643
H7PI – > AI0.1450.1460.0324.4830.0880.2090.000Supported 0.043
H8PI – > MCI0.5190.5220.05210.0510.4250.6240.000Supported 0.348
H9PI – > LMCI0.1110.1130.0353.2250.0540.1820.001Supported 0.020
H10PI – > TI0.2300.2260.0554.2110.1190.3290.000Supported 0.037

Mediation analysis_

Specific indirect associationPath values T statistics P valuesRelationship confirmed/rejected
SFE–> PI–> AI0.0964.3160.000Confirmed
SFE–> PI–> MCI0.3437.9960.000Confirmed
SFE–> PI–> LMCI0.0743.0880.002Confirmed
SFE–> TI–> AI0.1784.2240.000Confirmed
SFE–> TI–> MCI0.0613.7320.000Confirmed
SFE–> TI–> LMCI0.1624.2480.000Confirmed
SFE–> PI–> TI0.1524.1340.000Confirmed
SFE–> PI–> TI–> MCI0.0363.9540.000Confirmed
SFE–> PI–> TI–> AI0.1064.1460.000Confirmed
SFE–> PI–> TI–> LMCI0.0974.0250.000Confirmed

Demographic profile of the respondents_

Characteristics n %
Gender
Male43288.5
Female5611.5
Age
Below 207615.6
20–2929460.2
30–399920.3
Over 40193.9
Income (BDT.)
Below 20,00022846.7
20,001–30,00011824.2
30,001–40,0008116.6
40,001–50,000377.6
Over 50,000244.9

j_pcssr-2026-0009_tab_008

SLQuestionStrongly disagree (1)Disagree (2)Neutral (3)Agree (4)Strongly disagree (5)
Sports Fan Ethnocentrism (7)
1I watch IPL games because there are Bangladeshi players in them.
2I expect to see our players beat foreign players.
3I expect a top-level performance from our players in IPL.
4Even though it may cost me extra time or money, I still support our players and their teams in IPL.
5I watch our athletes play in order to show my support.
6I will support our players always because they are the best to me.
7Real Bangladeshi should always support our players.
Player Identification (3)
1I identify with the Mustafizur Rahman than with the Delhi Capitals.
2I am a big fan of Mustafizur Rahman more than I am a fan of the Delhi Capitals.
3I consider myself a fan of Mustafizur Rahman rather than a fan of the Delhi Capitals.
Team Identification (3)
1I consider myself to be a “real” fan of the Delhi Capitals.
2I would experience a loss if I had to stop being a fan of the Delhi Capitals.
3Being a fan of the Delhi Capitals is very important to me.
Media Consumption Intention (3)
1I will track the news on the Delhi Capitals through the media (e.g., TV, Internet, Radio, SM etc.)
2I will watch or listen to the Delhi Capitals’ game(s) through the media (e.g., TV, Internet, Radio, SM etc.)
3I will support the Delhi Capitals by watching or listening to Delhi Capitals’ game(s) through the media (e.g., TV, Internet, Radio, SM,etc.)
Attendance Intention (3)
1I intend to attend the (Delhi Capitals)’s game(s).
2The likelihood that I will attend the (Delhi Capitals)’s game(s) in the future is high.
3I will attend the (Delhi Capitals)’s game(s) in the future.
Licensed Merchandise Consumption Intention (3)
1I am likely to purchase (Delhi Capitals)’s licensed merchandise in the future.
2In the future, purchasing (Delhi Capitals) licensed merchandise is something I plan to do.
3In the future, I intend to purchase licensed merchandise representing the (Delhi Capitals).

Measurement model item loadings, construct reliability, and validity results_

ItemsVariables and item detailsMean valueSDOuter loadingsCACRAVE
SFE 0.7650.8500.589
SFE1I watch IPL games because there are Bangladeshi players in them.3.3671.3710.655
SFE4Even though it may cost me extra time or money, I still support our players and their teams in the IPL.3.0721.4820.740
SFE5I watch our athletes play in order to show my support.4.1760.9720.821
SFE6I will support our players always because they are the best to me.4.1541.0120.839
PI 0.9430.9630.897
PI1I identify with Mustafizur Rahman than with the Delhi Capitals.3.8441.1360.940
PI2I am a big fan of Mustafizur Rahman more than I am a fan of the Delhi Capitals.3.8831.2010.945
PI3I consider myself a fan of Mustafizur Rahman rather than a fan of the Delhi Capitals.3.8711.2500.957
TI 0.9100.9430.847
TI1I consider myself to be a “real” fan of the Delhi Capitals.2.1661.1410.903
TI2I would experience a loss if I had to stop being a fan of the Delhi Capitals.1.9411.0410.918
TI3Being a fan of the Delhi Capitals is very important to me.1.9341.1230.939
MCI 0.9520.9690.913
MCI1I will track the news on the Delhi Capitals through the media (e.g., TV, internet, radio, etc.).3.5141.2900.946
MCI2I will watch or listen to the Delhi Capitals’ game(s) through the media (e.g., TV, internet, radio, etc.).3.6541.2610.963
MCI3I will support the Delhi Capitals by watching or listening to the Delhi Capitals’ game(s) through the media (e.g., TV, internet, radio, etc.).3.5761.2470.958
AI 0.9470.9660.904
AI1I intend to attend the Delhi Capitals’ game(s).2.1861.1240.956
AI2The likelihood that I will attend the Delhi Capitals’ game(s) in the future is high.2.0331.1430.948
AI3I will attend the Delhi Capitals’ game(s) in the future.2.1721.1630.947
LMCI 0.9550.9710.917
LMCI1I will likely purchase the Delhi Capitals’ licensed merchandise.2.1351.2040.955
LMCI2In the future, purchasing (Delhi Capitals) licensed merchandise is something I plan to do.2.0041.1660.962
LMCI3In the future, I intend to purchase licensed merchandise representing the Delhi Capitals.2.1251.2650.956

Importance–performance values for latent variables_

VariablesAIMCILMCI
ImportancePerformanceImportancePerformanceImportancePerformance
PI0.29371.6380.61371.6380.25771.638
SFE0.45869.0740.79369.0740.33369.074
TI0.74725.2250.28525.2250.63525.225
Mean value0.49955.3120.56455.3120.40855.312
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2026-0009 | Journal eISSN: 1899-4849 | Journal ISSN: 2081-2221
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Language: English
Page range: 122 - 142
Submitted on: Aug 15, 2025
Accepted on: Mar 6, 2026
Published on: May 9, 2026
Published by: University of Physical Education in Warsaw
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: Volume open
Keywords:
Sports fan ethnocentrism,
Player identification,
Team identification,
Social identity theory,
PLS-SEM,
IPMA
Related subjects:
Cultural studies,
General cultural studies,
Business and economics,
Business management,
Industries,
Sports,
Sports and recreation,
Physical education,
Sociology of sports

© 2026 Md Mahbubul Haq, Attila Kajos, Miklos Kozma, published by University of Physical Education in Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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