Figure 1
Predicted average levels of trust in news from specific mainstream outlets by alternative news use
Comments: DR: N = 1,305, R2 = .16. TV2: N = 646, R2 = .15. Politiken: N = 476, R2 = .26. Berlingske/Jyllands-Posten: N = 923, R2 = .16. Ekstra Bladet: N = 588, R2 = .19. B.T.: N = 554, R2 = .23. Controlled for age, gender, residence, education, ideological orientation, political interest, and mainstream news use (public service, quality newspapers, tabloids). Dashed lines mark the predicted average level of trust for non-users. CI error bars at 95%. Public service broadcasters are displayed in top row, quality newspapers in middle row, tabloids in bottom row; (purportedly) left-leaning outlets in left column, and (purportedly) right-leaning outlets in right column.
| Variable | M | SD | Min. | Max. | % | N | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ideological orientation | 5.43 | 2.60 | 0 | 10 | 1,320 | ||
| Public service news use | 4.61 | 2.25 | 0 | 7 | 1,518 | ||
| Quality newspaper use | 1.06 | 1.48 | 0 | 7 | 1,518 | ||
| Tabloid news use | 2.35 | 2.47 | 0 | 7 | 1,518 | ||
| DR trust news in general | 0.76 | 0.23 | 0 | 1 | 1,471 | ||
| DR trust news climate | 0.72 | 0.25 | 0 | 1 | 1,423 | ||
| DR trust news immigration | 0.69 | 0.26 | 0 | 1 | 1,446 | ||
| DR trust news economy | 0.74 | 0.23 | 0 | 1 | 1,438 | ||
| TV2 trust news in general | 0.73 | 0.24 | 0 | 1 | 735 | ||
| TV2 trust news climate | 0.68 | 0.25 | 0 | 1 | 717 | ||
| TV2 trust news immigration | 0.67 | 0.26 | 0 | 1 | 726 | ||
| TV2 trust news economy | 0.71 | 0.24 | 0 | 1 | 718 | ||
| Politiken trust news in general | 0.66 | 0.26 | 0 | 1 | 518 | ||
| Politiken trust news climate | 0.65 | 0.28 | 0 | 1 | 500 | ||
| Politiken trust news immigration | 0.62 | 0.29 | 0 | 1 | 504 | ||
| Politiken trust news economy | 0.67 | 0.26 | 0 | 1 | 509 | ||
| EB trust news in general | 0.46 | 0.27 | 0 | 1 | 659 | ||
| EB trust news climate | 0.43 | 0.28 | 0 | 1 | 623 | ||
| EB trust news immigration | 0.43 | 0.27 | 0 | 1 | 640 | ||
| EB trust news economy | 0.43 | 0.27 | 0 | 1 | 635 | ||
| BT trust news in general | 0.49 | 0.26 | 0 | 1 | 603 | ||
| BT trust news climate | 0.48 | 0.26 | 0 | 1 | 577 | ||
| BT trust news immigration | 0.47 | 0.27 | 0 | 1 | 583 | ||
| BT trust news economy | 0.49 | 0.26 | 0 | 1 | 577 | ||
| Berlingske/JP trust news in general | 0.67 | 0.26 | 0 | 1 | 998 | ||
| Berlingske/JP trust news climate | 0.64 | 0.26 | 0 | 1 | 954 | ||
| Berlingske/JP trust news immigration | 0.62 | 0.27 | 0 | 1 | 977 | ||
| Berlingske/JP trust news economy | 0.70 | 0.25 | 0 | 1 | 967 | ||
| Gender | Female | 50.1 | 760 | ||||
| Male | 49.9 | 758 | |||||
| Age | 18–29 | 12.1 | 183 | ||||
| 30–39 | 13.8 | 209 | |||||
| 40–49 | 14.7 | 223 | |||||
| 50–59 | 20.7 | 314 | |||||
| 60+ | 38.8 | 589 | |||||
| Education | Lower secondary | 12.8 | 194 | ||||
| General upper secondary | 9.8 | 149 | |||||
| Vocational | 44.5 | 675 | |||||
| Short-cycle tertiary | 5.8 | 88 | |||||
| Medium-cycle tertiary | 18.0 | 273 | |||||
| Long-cycle tertiary | 9.2 | 139 | |||||
| Residence | Outer municipalities | 7.2 | 110 | ||||
| Rural municipalities | 25.9 | 393 | |||||
| Middle-range municipalities | 17.1 | 259 | |||||
| City municipalities | 49.8 | 756 | |||||
| Political interest | Not at all interested | 6.2 | 94 | ||||
| Only a little interested | 26.7 | 405 | |||||
| Somewhat interested | 43.3 | 657 | |||||
| Very interested | 22.7 | 345 | |||||
| Do not wish to answer | 1.1 | 17 | |||||
| Alternative news use | Use no alt. med. | 61.3 | 930 | ||||
| Use left-wing alt. med. | 5.3 | 81 | |||||
| Use right-wing alt. med. | 26.5 | 403 | |||||
| Use left-wing and right-wing alt med. | 6.9 | 104 | |||||
| Total (N) | 1,518 | ||||||
[i] Comments: The education category “vocational” includes the technically and commercially oriented upper secondary educations (in Danish, HTX and HHX). In the survey, the small islands Fanø, Læsø, Langeland, Samsø, and Ærø were collapsed into one category. Respondents belonging to this category were coded as outer municipalities, as four of the five islands belong to this category, according to Kristensen and colleagues (2007). Only half of the respondents were asked questions regarding trust in the specific outlets TV2, Politiken, Berlingske, Jyllands-Posten, Ekstra Bladet, and B.T. (randomly assigned to half of them).
Table B1
Trust in news from DR
| (News in general) | (Climate) | (Immigration) | (Economy) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alternative news use | *** | *** | *** | ** |
| Use left-wing alt. med. | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.03) | −0.00 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.03) |
| Use right-wing alt. med. | −0.06*** (0.01) | −0.07*** (0.02) | −0.10*** (0.02) | −0.05*** (0.01) |
| Use left-wing and right-wing alt med. | −0.09** (0.03) | −0.03 (0.03) | −0.04 (0.03) | −0.05* (0.03) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | −0.03* (0.01) | −0.04** (0.01) | −0.05*** (0.01) | −0.03* (0.01) |
| Age | ** | *** | *** | ** |
| 30–39 | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.03) | −0.00 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.02) |
| 40–49 | 0.02 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.02) |
| 50–59 | −0.00 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.02) |
| 60+ | −0.05* (0.02) | −0.07** (0.02) | −0.08** (0.02) | −0.02 (0.02) |
| Education | ||||
| General upper secondary | 0.03 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.00 (0.03) |
| Vocational | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) |
| Short-cycle tertiary | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.03) |
| Medium-cycle tertiary | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.02) |
| Long-cycle tertiary | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.03) |
| Residence (municipalities) | ||||
| Rural | 0.02 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.03) |
| Middle-range | 0.00 (0.03) | −0.00 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.03) |
| City | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.02) |
| Political interest | ** | * | * | |
| Only a little interested | 0.05 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.04) |
| Somewhat interested | 0.08* (0.04) | 0.00 (0.04) | 0.09* (0.04) | 0.05 (0.04) |
| Very interested | 0.06 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) |
| Do not wish to answer | −0.16 (0.09) | −0.01 (0.11) | 0.12 (0.12) | −0.14 (0.08) |
| Public service news use | 0.03*** (0.00) | 0.03*** (0.00) | 0.03*** (0.00) | 0.03*** (0.00) |
| Quality newspaper use | −0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| Tabloid news use | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.01* (0.00) | −0.01* (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) |
| Ideology | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) |
| Ideology # ideology | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00** (0.00) | −0.00*** (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) |
| Intercept | 0.63*** (0.06) | 0.70*** (0.06) | 0.59*** (0.06) | 0.66*** (0.06) |
| R-squared | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.15 |
| N | 1305 | 1272 | 1290 | 1283 |
Standard deviations in parentheses. Reference categories: Alternative news use (use no alternative media), Gender (female), Age (18–29), Education (lower secondary), Residence (outer municipalities), Political interest (not at all interested). For entire categorical variables, levels of significance are based on joint F-tests for all categories simultaneously.
Table B2
Trust in news from TV2
| (News in general) | (Climate) | (Immigration) | (Economy) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alternative news use | ** | ** | *** | *** |
| Use left-wing alt. med. | −0.13** (0.04) | −0.14** (0.04) | −0.13** (0.05) | −0.17** (0.05) |
| Use right-wing alt. med. | −0.06* (0.02) | −0.06** (0.02) | −0.09*** (0.02) | −0.06** (0.02) |
| Use left-wing and right-wing alt med. | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.03 (0.04) | −0.03 (0.04) | −0.04 (0.04) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.06** (0.02) | −0.05* (0.02) | −0.04* (0.02) |
| Age | * | *** | ||
| 30–39 | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.04) |
| 40–49 | −0.02 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.04) | −0.05 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.04) |
| 50–59 | −0.05 (0.03) | −0.04 (0.03) | −0.07* (0.04) | 0.01 (0.03) |
| 60+ | −0.08* (0.03) | −0.06 (0.03) | −0.13*** (0.04) | −0.02 (0.03) |
| Education | * | * | ||
| General upper secondary | −0.00 (0.04) | −0.05 (0.05) | −0.05 (0.05) | −0.04 (0.04) |
| Vocational | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.00 (0.03) |
| Short-cycle tertiary | 0.00 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.05) | −0.01 (0.05) |
| Medium-cycle tertiary | 0.00 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.03) |
| Long-cycle tertiary | −0.02 (0.05) | −0.10* (0.05) | −0.05 (0.05) | −0.06 (0.05) |
| Residence (municipalities) | ||||
| Rural | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.00 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.03) |
| Middle-range | −0.03 (0.04) | −0.05 (0.04) | −0.03 (0.04) | −0.04 (0.04) |
| City | −0.02 (0.03) | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.03) |
| Political interest | * | ** | ||
| Only a little interested | 0.02 (0.05) | −0.03 (0.06) | 0.01 (0.05) | −0.03 (0.05) |
| Somewhat interested | 0.02 (0.05) | −0.03 (0.05) | −0.00 (0.05) | −0.01 (0.05) |
| Very interested | 0.02 (0.05) | −0.05 (0.06) | −0.03 (0.06) | −0.01 (0.05) |
| Do not wish to answer | −0.31** (0.11) | 0.14 (0.12) | 0.20** (0.07) | −0.00 (0.12) |
| Public service news use | 0.04*** (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.04*** (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) |
| Quality newspaper use | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.00 (0.01) | −0.00 (0.01) |
| Tabloid news use | −0.01 (0.00) | −0.01 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) |
| Ideology | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.00 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) |
| Ideology # ideology | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00* (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) |
| Intercept | 0.64*** (0.08) | 0.72*** (0.08) | 0.60*** (0.08) | 0.67*** (0.08) |
| R-squared | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.11 |
| N | 646 | 635 | 642 | 635 |
Standard deviations in parentheses. Reference categories: Alternative news use (use no alternative media), Gender (female), Age (18–29), Education (lower secondary), Residence (outer municipalities), Political interest (not at all interested). For entire categorical variables, levels of significance are based on joint F-tests for all categories simultaneously.
Table B3
Trust in news from Politiken
| (News in general) | (Climate) | (Immigration) | (Economy) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alt. med. use categorical | *** | * | *** | ** |
| Use left-wing alt. med. | −0.01 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.05) | −0.01 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.05) |
| Use right-wing alt. med. | −0.12*** (0.03) | −0.09** (0.03) | −0.13*** (0.03) | −0.10*** (0.03) |
| Use left-wing and right-wing alt med. | −0.08* (0.04) | −0.00 (0.05) | −0.02 (0.05) | −0.03 (0.04) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | −0.09*** (0.02) | −0.10*** (0.03) | −0.11*** (0.03) | −0.08*** (0.02) |
| Age | ||||
| 30–39 | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.00 (0.04) |
| 40–49 | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.00 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) |
| 50–59 | −0.00 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.03 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.04) |
| 60+ | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.08* (0.04) | −0.08* (0.04) | −0.06 (0.04) |
| Education | ||||
| General upper secondary | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.05) | −0.01 (0.05) | −0.00 (0.05) |
| Vocational | 0.03 (0.04) | −0.05 (0.04) | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.04 (0.04) |
| Short-cycle tertiary | 0.00 (0.05) | −0.10 (0.05) | −0.06 (0.06) | −0.07 (0.05) |
| Medium-cycle tertiary | 0.02 (0.04) | −0.05 (0.04) | −0.06 (0.04) | −0.05 (0.04) |
| Long-cycle tertiary | 0.01 (0.05) | −0.02 (0.05) | −0.04 (0.05) | −0.08 (0.05) |
| Residence (municipalities) | ||||
| Rural | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.09 (0.05) |
| Middle-range | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.10 (0.05) |
| City | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.05) |
| Political interest | ** | |||
| Only a little interested | 0.12 (0.08) | −0.02 (0.07) | −0.00 (0.07) | −0.08 (0.08) |
| Somewhat interested | 0.13 (0.08) | −0.02 (0.07) | 0.02 (0.06) | −0.07 (0.08) |
| Very interested | 0.10 (0.08) | −0.05 (0.07) | −0.05 (0.07) | −0.08 (0.08) |
| Do not wish to answer | −0.13 (0.10) | −0.09 (0.16) | −0.13 (0.11) | −0.14 (0.16) |
| Public service news use | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.02*** (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) |
| Quality newspaper use | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.00 (0.01) |
| Tabloid news use | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) |
| Ideology | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) |
| Ideology # ideology | −0.00* (0.00) | −0.00* (0.00) | −0.00* (0.00) | −0.00* (0.00) |
| Intercept | 0.47*** (0.11) | 0.72*** (0.10) | 0.69*** (0.10) | 0.69*** (0.11) |
| R-squared | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.19 |
| N | 476 | 460 | 463 | 469 |
Standard deviations in parentheses. Reference categories: Alternative news use (use no alternative media), Gender (female), Age (18–29), Education (lower secondary), Residence (outer municipalities), Political interest (not at all interested). For entire categorical variables, levels of significance are based on joint F-tests for all categories simultaneously.
Table B4
Trust in news from Berlingske/Jyllands-Posten
| (News in general) | (Climate) | (Immigration) | (Economy) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alt. med. use categorical | *** | *** | *** | *** |
| Use left-wing alt. med. | −0.12** (0.04) | −0.12* (0.05) | −0.11* (0.05) | −0.14** (0.05) |
| Use right-wing alt. med. | −0.08*** (0.02) | −0.07*** (0.02) | −0.10*** (0.02) | −0.06*** (0.02) |
| Use left-wing and right-wing alt med. | −0.16*** (0.03) | −0.09** (0.03) | −0.11*** (0.03) | −0.12*** (0.03) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | −0.05** (0.02) | −0.04* (0.02) | −0.05** (0.02) | −0.04* (0.02) |
| Age | ||||
| 30–39 | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.03) |
| 40–49 | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) |
| 50–59 | 0.03 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.03) |
| 60+ | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.04 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.03) |
| Education | ||||
| General upper secondary | 0.05 (0.04) | −0.05 (0.04) | −0.04 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.04) |
| Vocational | 0.06* (0.03) | 0.00 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.03) |
| Short-cycle tertiary | 0.04 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) |
| Medium-cycle tertiary | 0.06 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.03) | −0.00 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) |
| Long-cycle tertiary | 0.06 (0.04) | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.03 (0.04) | 0.00 (0.04) |
| Residence (municipalities) | ||||
| Rural | −0.03 (0.03) | −0.05 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.03) | −0.04 (0.03) |
| Middle-range | −0.03 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) | −0.03 (0.03) |
| City | −0.02 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.03) |
| Political interest | * | |||
| Only a little interested | 0.03 (0.06) | −0.04 (0.05) | −0.02 (0.05) | −0.03 (0.05) |
| Somewhat interested | 0.01 (0.06) | −0.07 (0.05) | −0.05 (0.05) | −0.03 (0.05) |
| Very interested | 0.01 (0.06) | −0.11* (0.05) | −0.08 (0.05) | −0.03 (0.05) |
| Do not wish to answer | −0.23* (0.10) | −0.11 (0.13) | −0.03 (0.11) | −0.08 (0.11) |
| Public service news use | 0.03*** (0.00) | 0.03*** (0.00) | 0.03*** (0.00) | 0.03*** (0.00) |
| Quality newspaper use | 0.01** (0.01) | 0.02*** (0.01) | 0.02*** (0.01) | 0.02*** (0.01) |
| Tabloid news use | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.01 (0.00) | −0.01 (0.00) | −0.01* (0.00) |
| Ideology | 0.04** (0.01) | 0.05*** (0.01) | 0.06*** (0.01) | 0.03* (0.01) |
| Ideology # ideology | −0.00** (0.00) | −0.00** (0.00) | −0.00*** (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) |
| Intercept | 0.43*** (0.08) | 0.57*** (0.08) | 0.47*** (0.08) | 0.57*** (0.07) |
| R-squared | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.13 |
| N | 923 | 889 | 904 | 900 |
Standard deviations in parentheses. Reference categories: Alternative news use (use no alternative media), Gender (female), Age (18–29), Education (lower secondary), Residence (outer municipalities), Political interest (not at all interested). For entire categorical variables, levels of significance are based on joint F-tests for all categories simultaneously.
Table B5
Trust in news from Ekstra Bladet
| (News in general) | (Climate) | (Immigration) | (Economy) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alt. med. use categorical | ** | ** | ** | |
| Use left-wing alt. med. | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.05) |
| Use right-wing alt. med. | −0.00 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.05* (0.03) |
| Use left-wing and right-wing alt med. | 0.10* (0.04) | 0.17*** (0.05) | 0.17*** (0.04) | 0.17*** (0.05) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.00 (0.02) | −0.00 (0.02) | −0.03 (0.02) |
| Age | ||||
| 30–39 | −0.03 (0.04) | −0.06 (0.04) | −0.05 (0.04) | −0.03 (0.04) |
| 40–49 | 0.03 (0.04) | −0.00 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) |
| 50–59 | 0.01 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) |
| 60+ | −0.05 (0.04) | −0.03 (0.04) | −0.06 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) |
| Education | ** | * | *** | ** |
| General upper secondary | −0.11* (0.05) | −0.08 (0.05) | −0.12* (0.05) | −0.10 (0.05) |
| Vocational | 0.00 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.04) |
| Short-cycle tertiary | −0.00 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.06) | −0.03 (0.06) |
| Medium-cycle tertiary | −0.08 (0.05) | −0.07 (0.05) | −0.05 (0.05) | −0.09 (0.05) |
| Long-cycle tertiary | −0.07 (0.05) | −0.07 (0.06) | −0.08 (0.05) | −0.09 (0.05) |
| Residence (municipalities) | * | * | ||
| Rural | −0.07 (0.04) | −0.11* (0.04) | −0.08 (0.05) | −0.03 (0.05) |
| Middle-range | 0.01 (0.04) | −0.03 (0.05) | −0.04 (0.05) | −0.00 (0.05) |
| City | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.06 (0.04) | −0.03 (0.04) | −0.00 (0.04) |
| Political interest | * | |||
| Only a little interested | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.08 (0.05) | −0.03 (0.06) |
| Somewhat interested | −0.03 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.05) | −0.07 (0.06) |
| Very interested | −0.04 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.08) | 0.02 (0.05) | −0.09 (0.06) |
| Do not wish to answer | −0.11 (0.13) | 0.13 (0.10) | 0.21* (0.10) | 0.03 (0.11) |
| Public service news use | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01* (0.01) | 0.01* (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) |
| Quality newspaper use | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) |
| Tabloid news use | 0.04*** (0.00) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.00) | 0.03*** (0.00) |
| Ideology | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) |
| Ideology # ideology | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) |
| Intercept | 0.38*** (0.09) | 0.31** (0.11) | 0.28** (0.09) | 0.40*** (0.09) |
| R-squared | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.16 |
| N | 588 | 558 | 572 | 568 |
Standard deviations in parentheses. Reference categories: Alternative news use (use no alternative media), Gender (female), Age (18–29), Education (lower secondary), Residence (outer municipalities), Political interest (not at all interested). For entire categorical variables, levels of significance are based on joint F-tests for all categories simultaneously.
Table B6
Trust in news from B.T.
| (News in general) | (Climate) | (Immigration) | (Economy) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alt. med. use categorical | ** | * | * | * |
| Use left-wing alt. med. | −0.10* (0.05) | −0.08 (0.05) | −0.11* (0.04) | −0.11* (0.05) |
| Use right-wing alt. med. | −0.07** (0.02) | −0.05 (0.03) | −0.07* (0.03) | −0.05 (0.03) |
| Use left-wing and right-wing alt med. | −0.04 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.00 (0.02) |
| Age | * | * | ** | ** |
| 30–39 | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.05) |
| 40–49 | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.00 (0.05) | −0.01 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.04) |
| 50–59 | −0.07 (0.04) | −0.07 (0.04) | −0.07 (0.04) | −0.06 (0.04) |
| 60+ | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.04) |
| Education | * | * | ||
| General upper secondary | −0.04 (0.05) | −0.04 (0.05) | −0.04 (0.05) | −0.07 (0.04) |
| Vocational | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) | −0.04 (0.03) |
| Short-cycle tertiary | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.06) | −0.00 (0.05) | −0.01 (0.05) |
| Medium-cycle tertiary | −0.07 (0.04) | −0.05 (0.04) | −0.07 (0.04) | −0.09* (0.04) |
| Long-cycle tertiary | −0.09* (0.05) | −0.09 (0.05) | −0.11* (0.05) | −0.10* (0.05) |
| Residence (municipalities) | ||||
| Rural | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.00 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.04) |
| Middle-range | −0.00 (0.05) | −0.00 (0.05) | −0.01 (0.05) | 0.00 (0.05) |
| City | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.00 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) | −0.00 (0.04) |
| Political interest | *** | *** | *** | |
| Only a little interested | 0.03 (0.06) | −0.05 (0.07) | −0.03 (0.07) | −0.03 (0.07) |
| Somewhat interested | 0.05 (0.06) | −0.05 (0.07) | −0.03 (0.06) | −0.02 (0.07) |
| Very interested | 0.02 (0.06) | −0.10 (0.07) | −0.07 (0.07) | −0.05 (0.07) |
| Do not wish to answer | −0.27** (0.09) | 0.09 (0.14) | 0.30*** (0.08) | 0.47*** (0.13) |
| Public service news use | 0.01* (0.01) | 0.02** (0.01) | 0.01* (0.01) | 0.01* (0.01) |
| Quality newspaper use | −0.03*** (0.01) | −0.02* (0.01) | −0.02* (0.01) | −0.02** (0.01) |
| Tabloid news use | 0.03*** (0.00) | 0.03*** (0.00) | 0.03*** (0.00) | 0.03*** (0.00) |
| Ideology | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.03* (0.02) | 0.04* (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) |
| Ideology # ideology | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) |
| Intercept | 0.32** (0.10) | 0.33** (0.10) | 0.34*** (0.10) | 0.36*** (0.10) |
| R-squared | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.19 |
| N | 554 | 535 | 537 | 532 |
Standard deviations in parentheses. Reference categories: Alternative news use (use no alternative media), Gender (female), Age (18–29), Education (lower secondary), Residence (outer municipalities), Political interest (not at all interested). For entire categorical variables, levels of significance are based on joint F-tests for all categories simultaneously.
Table B7
Trust in specific outlets if right-wing user-groups are split (news in general)
| (DR) | (TV2) | (Politiken) | (Berlingske/JP) | (Ekstra Bladet) | (B.T.) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alternative news use | ||||||
| LW | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.13** (0.04) | −0.01 (0.05) | −0.12** (0.04) | 0.03 (0.05) | −0.10* (0.05) |
| RW-less severe | −0.04* (0.02) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.10** (0.04) | −0.07** (0.03) | −0.02 (0.03) | −0.09** (0.03) |
| LW+RW-less severe | −0.02 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.06) | −0.12** (0.05) | 0.09 (0.06) | −0.07 (0.06) |
| RW-severe | −0.08*** (0.02) | −0.09** (0.03) | −0.13*** (0.03) | −0.10*** (0.02) | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.06* (0.03) |
| LW+RW-severe | −0.13*** (0.04) | −0.08 (0.05) | −0.15** (0.05) | −0.18*** (0.03) | 0.10 (0.05) | −0.02 (0.04) |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | −0.03* (0.01) | −0.03 (0.02) | −0.08*** (0.02) | −0.05** (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.02) |
| Age | ||||||
| 30–39 | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.04) |
| 40–49 | 0.02 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) |
| 50–59 | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.05 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.04) | −0.07 (0.04) |
| 60+ | −0.05* (0.02) | −0.08* (0.03) | −0.04 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.05 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.04) |
| Education | ||||||
| General upper secondary | 0.03 (0.03) | −0.00 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.04) | −0.11* (0.05) | −0.05 (0.05) |
| Vocational | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.06* (0.03) | 0.00 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.03) |
| Short-cycle tertiary | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.00 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.04) | −0.00 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.05) |
| Medium-cycle tertiary | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.03) | −0.08 (0.05) | −0.07 (0.04) |
| Long-cycle tertiary | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.05) | 0.00 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.04) | −0.06 (0.05) | −0.10* (0.05) |
| Residence (municipalities) | ||||||
| Rural | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.03) | 0.10* (0.05) | −0.03 (0.03) | −0.07 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.04) |
| Middle-range | 0.00 (0.03) | −0.04 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.05) | −0.04 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.04) | −0.00 (0.05) |
| City | 0.02 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.03) | 0.06 (0.05) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.04) |
| Political interest | ||||||
| Only a little interested | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.11 (0.07) | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.06) |
| Somewhat interested | 0.08* (0.04) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.12 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.06) | −0.03 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.06) |
| Very interested | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.09 (0.08) | 0.00 (0.06) | −0.04 (0.07) | 0.02 (0.06) |
| Do not wish to answer | −0.15 (0.09) | −0.29* (0.11) | −0.13 (0.10) | −0.22* (0.10) | −0.11 (0.13) | 0.29*** (0.09) |
| Public service news use | 0.03*** (0.00) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.00) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01* (0.01) |
| Quality newspaper use | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.00 (0.01) | 0.02** (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) |
| Tabloid news use | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.01 (0.00) | 0.01 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) | 0.04*** (0.00) | 0.03*** (0.00) |
| Ideology | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.04** (0.01) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.01) |
| Ideology # ideology | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00* (0.00) | −0.00** (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) |
| Intercept | 0.63*** (0.06) | 0.65*** (0.08) | 0.48*** (0.10) | 0.43*** (0.08) | 0.38*** (0.09) | 0.32** (0.10) |
| R-squared | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.24 |
| N | 1305 | 646 | 476 | 923 | 588 | 554 |