Porous titanium–silver dental implants fabricated via SPS: Poly-caprolactone coating and bioevaluation

Mousavi, Golsa; Eftekhari Yekta, Bijan; Javadpour, Jafar; Saghafian, Hassan

doi:10.2478/msp-2025-0030

Figures & Tables

The flowchart diagram of the research process.

Pore size distribution histograms of the fabricated parts.

XRD patterns of pure titanium and Ti–1 wt% Ag made by SPS at different pressures and temperatures.

Optical microscopic images of the parts containing Ti–1 wt% Ag, prepared using SPS: (a) 850°C – 10 MPa, (b) 850°C – 30 MPa, (c) 900°C – 10 MPa, and (d) 900°C – 30 MPa.

SEM images of samples containing 1% silver, prepared using SPS: (a) 850°C – 10 MPa, (b) 850°C – 30 MPa, (c) 900°C – 10 MPa, and (d) 900°C – 30 MPa.

Hardness of pure titanium and Ti–1 wt% Ag alloys prepared using SPS.

Engineering stress–strain diagram of samples containing 1% silver and prepared at different temperatures and pressures.

XRD image of the optimal sample in etched and non-etched states.

Optical microscopic image of the optimized sample: (a) etched and (b) non-etched states.

SEM images of the optimized sample: (a) etched and (b) non-etched samples.

FTIR analysis results of the sample coated with PCL, before being placed in SBF.

FTIR analysis results of the sample coated with PCL, after being placed in SBF.

FE-SEM images of pure titanium: (a) secondary electron, (b) backscattered, and (c) distribution of titanium.

FE-SEM images of Ti–1 wt% Ag: (a) secondary electron, (b) backscattered, (c) distribution of silver, and (d) distribution of titanium.

FE-SEM images of the coated sample before being placed in SBF: (a) 1000* and (b) 7500*.

EDS analysis of the coated sample before being placed in SBF.

FE-SEM image of the coated sample after being placed in SBF: (a) 20000* and (b) 40000*.

EDS analysis of the coated sample after being placed in SBF.

Nyquist plots for pure titanium and Ti–1 wt% Ag.

Nyquist plots for Ti–1 wt% Ag in coated and uncoated samples.

Potentiodynamic polarization curves for pure titanium and Ti–1 wt% Ag.

Potentiodynamic polarization curves for Ti–1 wt% Ag in coated and uncoated samples.

Cell viability in coated and uncoated samples.

Elemental analysis of the coated sample before being placed in SBF_

Element	Atomic number	Net counts	Mass (%)	Mass normalized (%)	Atom (%)	Absolute error (%)	Relative error (%)
Ti	22	6,804	55.89	64.15	37.42	1.76	3.14
O	8	387	31.23	35.85	62.58	9.50	30.42
			Sum 87.12	100.00	100.00

Contact angles of samples prepared under different conditions_

Pressure and temperature of SPS	Contact angle (°)
900°C–30 MPa	55.12
900°C–30 Mpa etched	43.39
900°C–10 Mpa	51.14
900°C–10 Mpa etched	36.43
850°C–30 Mpa	46.37
850°C–30 Mpa etched	29.61
850°C–10 Mpa	38.61
850°C–10 Mpa etched	28.36

Parameters obtained from Nyquist plots for Ti–1 wt% Ag in coated and uncoated samples_

	R _ct (Ω)	CPE (Ω)	R _cox (Ω)	CPE (Ω)	R _s (Ω)
Ti–1 wt% Ag, coated	4.177 × 10¹⁸	2.361 × 10⁻³	3.431 × 10¹⁵	1.222 × 10⁻³	115.4
Ti–1 wt% Ag, uncoated	3.32 × 10¹⁸	2.927 × 10⁻³	2.53 × 10¹⁵	1.123 × 10⁻³	111.8

Elemental analysis of the coated sample after being placed in SBF_

Element	Atomic number	Net counts	Mass (%)	Mass normalized (%)	Atom (%)	Absolute error (%)	Relative error (%)
Ti	22	14,838	30.83	49.08	28.30	0.93	3.00
O	8	1,194	21.27	33.85	58.41	4.61	21.69
Ca	20	3,856	5.89	9.38	6.64	0.23	3.90
P	15	2,106	2.28	3.63	3.24	0.14	5.93
Cl	17	1,612	1.5	2.38	1.85	0.09	6.21
Na	11	361	0.87	1.39	1.67	0.11	12.93
Ag	47	106	0.19	0.3	0.08	0.05	24.5
			Sum 62.82	100.00	100.00

Parameters obtained from potentiodynamic polarization curves for CP Ti and Ti–1 wt% Ag_

	E _Corr (V)	I _Corr (A/m²)	ß _a (V)	ß _C (V)	R _p (Ω m²)
Pure Ti	−0.030	0.028	2.56	−0.245	4.37
Ti–1 wt% Ag	−0.084	0.010	4.87	−0.466	22.40

Contact angles for coated and uncoated samples_

Pressure and temperature of SPS	Contact angle (°)
850°C–10 MPa, non-etched	38.61
850°C–10 MPa, etched	28.36
850°C–10 MPa, non-etched and covered with PCL	33.49
850°C–10 MPa, etched and covered with PCL	24.45

Parameters obtained from potentiodynamic polarization curves for Ti–1 wt% Ag in coated and uncoated samples_

Ti–1 wt% Ag	E _Corr (V)	I _Corr (A/m²)	ß _a (V)	ß _C (V)	R _p (Ω m²)
Uncoated	−0.084	0.010	4.87	−0.466	22.40
Coated	0.018	0.002	0.243	−0.106	40.87

Parameters obtained from Nyquist plots_

	R _ct (Ω)	CPE (Ω)	R _cox (Ω)	CPE (Ω)	R _s (Ω)
Pure Ti	1.31 × 10¹⁸	0.352 × 10⁻³	1.7 × 10¹⁵	0.589 × 10⁻³	106.2
Ti–1 wt% Ag	3.32 × 10¹⁸	2.927 × 10⁻³	2.53 × 10¹⁵	1.123 × 10⁻³	111.8

Porosity of the SPS samples_

Pressure (MPa)	Temperature (°C)	Porosity (%) ±0.1
30	900	13.1
10	900	14.25
30	850	16.3
10	850	21.82

Number of colonies in the antibacterial test_

Group	Number of formed colonies				Efficiency of removing bacteria
Group	1	2	3	Average	Efficiency of removing bacteria
Bacteria	14.2 × 10⁶	8.6 × 10⁶	11.9 × 10⁶	11.5 × 10⁶	—
Pure titanium	7.3 × 10⁶	6.4 × 10⁶	5.9 × 10⁶	6.5 × 10⁶	43.47
Uncoated Ti–1 wt% Ag	3.63 × 10⁶	4.12 × 10⁶	2.91 × 10⁶	3.55 × 10⁶	69.13
Coated Ti–1 wt% Ag	1.67 × 10⁶	1.91 × 10⁶	2.6 × 10⁶	2.06 × 10⁶	82.08
Antibiotic	173	130	197	166.66	99.99

Displacement of titanium peaks in samples containing 1% silver, prepared using the SPS method at temperatures of 850 and 900°C_

2θ (°)
CP Ti	Ti–1 wt% Ag 900°C – 30 MPa	Ti–1 wt% Ag 900°C – 10 MPa	Ti–1 wt% Ag 850°C – 30 MPa	Ti–1 wt% Ag 850°C – 10 MPa
35.28	35.29	35.32	35.38	35.34
38.59	38.60	38.69	38.65	38.67
40.37	40.49	40.58	40.40	40.40
53.12	53.87	54.95	53.81	53.14
63.13	63.99	63.94	63.87	63.14
70.75	70.82	70.92	70.86	70.84
76.33	76.62	76.76	76.95	76.44
77.5	77.62	77.79	77.60	77.63

Porous titanium–silver dental implants fabricated via SPS: Poly-caprolactone coating and bioevaluation

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14

Figure 15

Figure 16

Figure 17

Figure 18

Figure 19

Figure 20

Figure 21

Figure 22

Figure 23

Figure 24

Elemental analysis of the coated sample before being placed in SBF_

Contact angles of samples prepared under different conditions_

Parameters obtained from Nyquist plots for Ti–1 wt% Ag in coated and uncoated samples_

Elemental analysis of the coated sample after being placed in SBF_

Parameters obtained from potentiodynamic polarization curves for CP Ti and Ti–1 wt% Ag_

Contact angles for coated and uncoated samples_

Parameters obtained from potentiodynamic polarization curves for Ti–1 wt% Ag in coated and uncoated samples_

Parameters obtained from Nyquist plots_

Porosity of the SPS samples_

Number of colonies in the antibacterial test_

Displacement of titanium peaks in samples containing 1% silver, prepared using the SPS method at temperatures of 850 and 900°C_

Paradigm

My account