Porous titanium–silver dental implants fabricated via SPS: Poly-caprolactone coating and bioevaluation

Golsa Mousavi; Bijan Eftekhari Yekta; Jafar Javadpour; Hassan Saghafian

doi:10.2478/msp-2025-0030

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Porous titanium–silver dental implants fabricated via SPS: Poly-caprolactone coating and bioevaluation

Materials Science-Poland

Volume 43 (2025): Issue 3 (September 2025)

By: Golsa Mousavi, Bijan Eftekhari Yekta, Jafar Javadpour and Hassan Saghafian

Open Access

|Oct 2025

Figures & Tables

The flowchart diagram of the research process.

Table 1

Porosity of the SPS samples.

Pressure (MPa)	Temperature (°C)	Porosity (%) ±0.1
30	900	13.1
10	900	14.25
30	850	16.3
10	850	21.82

Pore size distribution histograms of the fabricated parts.

XRD patterns of pure titanium and Ti–1 wt% Ag made by SPS at different pressures and temperatures.

Table 2

Displacement of titanium peaks in samples containing 1% silver, prepared using the SPS method at temperatures of 850 and 900°C.

2θ (°)
CP Ti	Ti–1 wt% Ag 900°C – 30 MPa	Ti–1 wt% Ag 900°C – 10 MPa	Ti–1 wt% Ag 850°C – 30 MPa	Ti–1 wt% Ag 850°C – 10 MPa
35.28	35.29	35.32	35.38	35.34
38.59	38.60	38.69	38.65	38.67
40.37	40.49	40.58	40.40	40.40
53.12	53.87	54.95	53.81	53.14
63.13	63.99	63.94	63.87	63.14
70.75	70.82	70.92	70.86	70.84
76.33	76.62	76.76	76.95	76.44
77.5	77.62	77.79	77.60	77.63

Optical microscopic images of the parts containing Ti–1 wt% Ag, prepared using SPS: (a) 850°C – 10 MPa, (b) 850°C – 30 MPa, (c) 900°C – 10 MPa, and (d) 900°C – 30 MPa.

SEM images of samples containing 1% silver, prepared using SPS: (a) 850°C – 10 MPa, (b) 850°C – 30 MPa, (c) 900°C – 10 MPa, and (d) 900°C – 30 MPa.

Hardness of pure titanium and Ti–1 wt% Ag alloys prepared using SPS.

Engineering stress–strain diagram of samples containing 1% silver and prepared at different temperatures and pressures.

XRD image of the optimal sample in etched and non-etched states.

Optical microscopic image of the optimized sample: (a) etched and (b) non-etched states.

SEM images of the optimized sample: (a) etched and (b) non-etched samples.

Table 3

Contact angles of samples prepared under different conditions.

Pressure and temperature of SPS	Contact angle (°)
900°C–30 MPa	55.12
900°C–30 Mpa etched	43.39
900°C–10 Mpa	51.14
900°C–10 Mpa etched	36.43
850°C–30 Mpa	46.37
850°C–30 Mpa etched	29.61
850°C–10 Mpa	38.61
850°C–10 Mpa etched	28.36

Table 4

Contact angles for coated and uncoated samples.

Pressure and temperature of SPS	Contact angle (°)
850°C–10 MPa, non-etched	38.61
850°C–10 MPa, etched	28.36
850°C–10 MPa, non-etched and covered with PCL	33.49
850°C–10 MPa, etched and covered with PCL	24.45

FTIR analysis results of the sample coated with PCL, before being placed in SBF.

FTIR analysis results of the sample coated with PCL, after being placed in SBF.

FE-SEM images of pure titanium: (a) secondary electron, (b) backscattered, and (c) distribution of titanium.

FE-SEM images of Ti–1 wt% Ag: (a) secondary electron, (b) backscattered, (c) distribution of silver, and (d) distribution of titanium.

FE-SEM images of the coated sample before being placed in SBF: (a) 1000* and (b) 7500*.

EDS analysis of the coated sample before being placed in SBF.

Table 5

Elemental analysis of the coated sample before being placed in SBF.

Element	Atomic number	Net counts	Mass (%)	Mass normalized (%)	Atom (%)	Absolute error (%)	Relative error (%)
Ti	22	6,804	55.89	64.15	37.42	1.76	3.14
O	8	387	31.23	35.85	62.58	9.50	30.42
			Sum 87.12	100.00	100.00

FE-SEM image of the coated sample after being placed in SBF: (a) 20000* and (b) 40000*.

EDS analysis of the coated sample after being placed in SBF.

Table 6

Elemental analysis of the coated sample after being placed in SBF.

Element	Atomic number	Net counts	Mass (%)	Mass normalized (%)	Atom (%)	Absolute error (%)	Relative error (%)
Ti	22	14,838	30.83	49.08	28.30	0.93	3.00
O	8	1,194	21.27	33.85	58.41	4.61	21.69
Ca	20	3,856	5.89	9.38	6.64	0.23	3.90
P	15	2,106	2.28	3.63	3.24	0.14	5.93
Cl	17	1,612	1.5	2.38	1.85	0.09	6.21
Na	11	361	0.87	1.39	1.67	0.11	12.93
Ag	47	106	0.19	0.3	0.08	0.05	24.5
			Sum 62.82	100.00	100.00

Table 7

Parameters obtained from Nyquist plots.

	R _ct (Ω)	CPE (Ω)	R _cox (Ω)	CPE (Ω)	R _s (Ω)
Pure Ti	1.31 × 10¹⁸	0.352 × 10⁻³	1.7 × 10¹⁵	0.589 × 10⁻³	106.2
Ti–1 wt% Ag	3.32 × 10¹⁸	2.927 × 10⁻³	2.53 × 10¹⁵	1.123 × 10⁻³	111.8

Nyquist plots for pure titanium and Ti–1 wt% Ag.

Table 8

Parameters obtained from Nyquist plots for Ti–1 wt% Ag in coated and uncoated samples.

	R _ct (Ω)	CPE (Ω)	R _cox (Ω)	CPE (Ω)	R _s (Ω)
Ti–1 wt% Ag, coated	4.177 × 10¹⁸	2.361 × 10⁻³	3.431 × 10¹⁵	1.222 × 10⁻³	115.4
Ti–1 wt% Ag, uncoated	3.32 × 10¹⁸	2.927 × 10⁻³	2.53 × 10¹⁵	1.123 × 10⁻³	111.8

Potentiodynamic polarization curves for pure titanium and Ti–1 wt% Ag.

Table 9

Parameters obtained from potentiodynamic polarization curves for CP Ti and Ti–1 wt% Ag.

	E _Corr (V)	I _Corr (A/m²)	ß _a (V)	ß _C (V)	R _p (Ω m²)
Pure Ti	−0.030	0.028	2.56	−0.245	4.37
Ti–1 wt% Ag	−0.084	0.010	4.87	−0.466	22.40

Table 10

Parameters obtained from potentiodynamic polarization curves for Ti–1 wt% Ag in coated and uncoated samples.

Ti–1 wt% Ag	E _Corr (V)	I _Corr (A/m²)	ß _a (V)	ß _C (V)	R _p (Ω m²)
Uncoated	−0.084	0.010	4.87	−0.466	22.40
Coated	0.018	0.002	0.243	−0.106	40.87

Cell viability in coated and uncoated samples.

Table 11

Number of colonies in the antibacterial test.

Group	Number of formed colonies				Efficiency of removing bacteria
Group	1	2	3	Average	Efficiency of removing bacteria
Bacteria	14.2 × 10⁶	8.6 × 10⁶	11.9 × 10⁶	11.5 × 10⁶	—
Pure titanium	7.3 × 10⁶	6.4 × 10⁶	5.9 × 10⁶	6.5 × 10⁶	43.47
Uncoated Ti–1 wt% Ag	3.63 × 10⁶	4.12 × 10⁶	2.91 × 10⁶	3.55 × 10⁶	69.13
Coated Ti–1 wt% Ag	1.67 × 10⁶	1.91 × 10⁶	2.6 × 10⁶	2.06 × 10⁶	82.08
Antibiotic	173	130	197	166.66	99.99

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2025-0030 | Journal eISSN: 2083-134X (formerly 2083-124X) | Journal ISSN: 2083-1331

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Language: English

Page range: 85 - 105

Submitted on: May 8, 2025

Accepted on: Aug 26, 2025

Published on: Oct 3, 2025

Published by: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

Dental implant,

Titanium,

Silver,

Spark plasma sintering,

Poly-caprolactone

Related subjects:

Materials sciences,

Materials sciences, other,

Nanomaterials,

Functional and smart materials,

Materials characterization and properties

© 2025 Golsa Mousavi, Bijan Eftekhari Yekta, Jafar Javadpour, Hassan Saghafian, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 43 (2025): Issue 3 (September 2025)

Porous titanium–silver dental implants fabricated via SPS: Poly-caprolactone coating and bioevaluation

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