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Examining the change in brands’ marketing communication during COVID-19 from crisis communication perspective Cover

Examining the change in brands’ marketing communication during COVID-19 from crisis communication perspective

Open Access
|Jun 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Illustration of a theme identification process.
Illustration of a theme identification process.

Figure 2

Step-by-step thematic analysis.
Step-by-step thematic analysis.

Figure 3

Text data preprocessing steps.
Text data preprocessing steps.

Figure 4

Metadata and topic relations prior and during COVID-19.
Metadata and topic relations prior and during COVID-19.

Figure 5

Metadata and topic relations during and after COVID-19.
Metadata and topic relations during and after COVID-19.

Figure 6

Relative sentiments in marketing messages.
Relative sentiments in marketing messages.

Figure 7

Relative sentiments in digitalization-related messages during and after COVID-19.
Relative sentiments in digitalization-related messages during and after COVID-19.

Top topics discussed during and after COVID-19_

Topic categoryTopic proportions (%)Topic labelTop ten representative words
Digitalization20.5Online transactionsMoney, digit, payment, hour, easy, mobile, long, Türkiye, trust, today
13.9Mobile bankingHouse, covid, banking, transactions, ziraat bank, mobile, term, days, may, payment
Messages covering special day(s)5.4International women’s dayMarch, woman, women, violence, women, world, November, today, directed, generation
3.2National and/or religious festival celebrationFestival, happy, relatives, relative, wish, festival, healthy, full, festival, peaceful
3New Year celebrationDecember, new year, year, year, house, website, relatives, legend, relatives
3Father’s dayJune, father, love, day, today, world, happy, long, trust, future
3Commemoration of Mustafa Kemal AtatürkKemal, atatürk, mustafa, commemorate, war veteran, respect, atatürk, respect, may
Solidarity3.2EarthquakePresent, communication, earthquake, free, emergency, talk, need, region, customer, needs
3.2Forest firesCitizen, getting well, affected, life, experienced, august, forest, sadness, coming, mercy
National achievement9.3National achievementNational, olympic, sponsor, Europe, athlete, being, congratulations, pride, tokio, games
Marketing messages7.4Seasonal communication campaignsSeptember, October, autumn-winter, opportunity, season, missing, autumn, you, beautiful, collection
Working in global the pandemic3.5Working conditions during the pandemicHealth, term, employee, vacation, April, night, days, coronavirus, daytime, pandemic

j_mmcks-2025-0009_tab_003

ThemeQuoteParticipantIndustry
Benefitging from the COVID-19-driven circumstances we are aware of the fact that digitalization increases marginally Participant AParticipation banking
As a corollary of a significant increase in individualization in the last 15-20 years, consumers had expectations such as “show me the things in which I might have interest, which are special for me, which I need.” The pandemic has accelerated this
In addition to the products, services and transactions of banks, customer acquisition has now been moved to digital channels with the regulation implemented on May 1, 2021. In the next period, we will talk about the innovations that will enable us to provide services and consultancy only through our mobile application to our customers who have never seen a bank branch Participant IBanking
For example, when implementing a kitchenware campaign, we apply filters to ensure that the campaign is exclusively visible to our female customers within particular age range Participant BHome decoration and furniture
[…] typically, a furniture sale necessitates greater energy and a greater number of announcements. However, as individuals began to stay at home, they began to contemplate “whether I should replace that sofa… Consequently, we redirected our marketing campaigns towards promoting the message of “Stay at Home! Life is better at home; Comfort at home is better
[…] we made an effort to effectively utilize the time spent at home. People were at home and we thought, “What should we do ? We need to make them drink coffee!” and we proceeded. It can be asserted that the coffee business has experienced a favorable impact as a result of the pandemic Participant CFMCG
the pandemicit might be wrong to say that butpresented a favorable situation for the food industry. This is because the increased time spent at home during the pandemic led to growth in the FMCG industry Participant FDiscount market
Societal benefit individuals … are inclined to pay a higher price for environmentally friendly products due to their organic nature… we will actually promote this value in this period. we will evolve our communication language towards this point (implying the promotion of organic products and production)Participant JReady wear and textile
sustainability-related works have emerged recently and increased with the pandemic . to be more sensitive to the environment. I am not solely referring to a product that poses no harm to the environment, but rather to the elimination of potentially detrimental procedures … during production processes… Our organization has made significant efforts in the areas of sustainability … and we consistently strive to effectively communicate these initiatives
individuals had exhibited heightened sensitivity towards the natural environment during the pandemic. From now on, sustainability topics like as water saving, green areas, and electricity saving are not something “nice-to-have” for brands, but rather a “must”. it may be argued that sustainability, when employed as both a sales tool and a marketing strategy, is an irreversible phenomenon Participant GLaundry and home care
consumers’ awareness of social responsibility campaigns and purpose-oriented business has grown Participant HFMCG
we had a theater for children … we converted this work into the digital format. We were taking children to theater performances before the pandemic but we subsequently transitioned to online broadcasting. We have adapted our current social responsibility initiatives to align with the prevailing trends of this era
we have segregated our corporate social responsibility initiatives. prior to the pandemic, we supported the foundation (the participant talked about a foundation that aids children affected by cancer) by constructing new facilities. During the pandemic, our focus shifted towards fundamental needs like hygiene requirements. In other words, our communication around CSR exhibited variations following the epidemic Participant AParticipation banking
Circumspect and peaceful communication during short-term crises, we tend to exhibit heightened awareness and consciousness in our transactions. For instance, the cessation of campaigns is promptly implemented in response to disasters such as extensive forest fires or instances of martyrdom resulting from acts of terrorism Participant CFMCG
[…] we see that brand discourses and tones have changed since consumers expected brands to be more sincere
this sensitivity also comes to the fore here. There is a disease, people are trying to protect themselves from something, and on the other hand, some people are trying to sell something and acquire customers. The balance we try to maintain here is to avoid creating antipathy Participant AParticipation banking
from the start of the term, we consistently progressed with the appropriate messages. In the stores, we implemented the requisite precautions. We actively watched our competitors. We made a conscious effort to avoid engaging in any actions that could potentially provoke raise consumers’ eyebrows. We were always cautious […] Participant BHome decoration and furniture
we communicated more calmly without disturbing people
[…] we also created messaging that is discreet, calmer, and cooler Participant DOnline platform
the communication model has evolved from being more entertaining and pleasurable to becoming more discreet, more capable, and more dignified
I observe that brands that persist in their communication in times of crisis by employing appropriate tone and that continue to express more strongly and sincerely what their commitment is come out of this period even stronger Participant HFMCG
we preferred communication that would reduce the fears and concerns of our customers Participant JReady wear and textile
An anxious consumer wants the feeling of control back … we advised all brands to modify your communication strategies in order to enhance the perception of control… Consequently, all brands (the ones that the company provides consultancy services), began to communicate a sense of control and endeavored to alleviate anxiety Participant EBrand consultancy
the prompt communication decisions made during the initial stages of the pandemic led to the implementation of a procedure primarily centered around three domains: moral, hopeful, and emotional communication Participant IBanking
it is now necessary to produce things that can touch people emotionally Participant GLaundry and home care
COVID-19 related precautions we tried to make prominent hygiene and health-related themes in response to the widespread spread of the pandemic Participant DOnline platform
we prioritized health, hygiene, and quality, emphasizing, “we have taken measures to protect your health.” as the pandemic spread, we communicated expressions such as “we possess the high-quality product,” “we offer the healthy product,” “we conduct 100 s of tests to ensure this quality.” We reflected this communication in our stores and in TV ads… Consequently customers realized that there was a serious effort to ensure quality and produce safe products Participant CFMCG
As the hygiene concern gained prominence, we engaged in extensive promotion centered around hygiene and prominently featured our hygiene items …. Given our assortment of items that align with hygiene, we adopted a strategy that specifically targeted the marketing of those products Participant KFMCG and consumer goods
since people attach more importance to hygiene and cleanliness than ever before, we highlighted the performance of these products. There has been a rise in communications that emphasize hygiene and cleanliness[…]” Participant GLaundry and home care
Consumer orientation During the pandemic period,. personalized content. increased. the axis the world is heading towards is this: “benefit-oriented”; consumers say, “I don’t have time; tell me clearly what is useful for me … There was brand loyalty. but now there is benefit loyalty. Specifically, young individuals tend to gravitate towards where benefits are existing, independent from the brand itself.” Participant AParticipation banking
there is a growing appreciation for activities that prioritize the comfort of customers. It is anticipated that these activities will not revert to their pre-pandemic state. In the previous period, customer-focus was one of the most fundamental approaches. However, we added to this the concept of “customer experience” in the aftermath of the pandemic… “customer-focus” (or) “customer satisfaction” is nice, but “customer experience” is just a little different. due to factors such as constantly improving customer experience procedures. creating customer loyalty...
We have simplified our communications pertaining to our products and services to cater to consumer benefits and needs, and we have provided messages on how consumers can satisfy their fundamental banking necessities without the need to physically visit a bank Participant IBanking
Suspension of marketing campaigns we consistently emphasize “health” and have temporarily stopped our marketing campaigns Participant BHome decoration and furniture
as you know, during the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, strict restrictions were implemented. Naturally, as a multinational corporation, these requirements were 2-3 times stricter for us… we were unable to engage in commercial broadcasting, production, and creative marketing activities for an extended period Participant KFMCG and consumer goods
What actions do you take during those periods (referred to crisis periods) – as numerous brands did? You take a break from your communications. They avoid making assertive statements. If there are any, the launch and new campaigns are postponed, because the consumer is not ready to receive new information at that particular moment…regardless of the amount of budget you spent Participant CFMCG
we prioritized specific actions through which we made consumers feel that we support them… During that period, numerous brands released new communication content that implied “how can we navigate this period more effortlessly together?”
instead of focusing on product-based advertising … we aimed to address issues that would foster greater trust Participant FDiscount market
Diversification of communication channels the pandemic has revealed new channels... digital has become much more important. You know about “influencer marketing.” Participant CFMCG
you know “influencer marketing”! They are the prominent figures whom the brands are positioning as brand ambassadors. The significance lies in the fact that customers perceive influencers as sincere
there exists an influencer impact. We want influencers to experience our product…we are shooting, for instance, Food Style short videos…Due to the fact that we conducted these shoots with authentic products, without any promotional elements, and with a genuine experience, we received favorable responses Participant BHome decoration and furniture
brand’s approach has transitioned from focusing on streaming, production, and shooting to prioritizing influencer communication and digital content communication. These phenomena persisted until the resumption of the production era, which I posit is the underlying cause for the current surge in influencer marketing Participant KFMCG and consumer goods
one of the channels we want to increase our focus on is digital ones... both social media platforms and digital activities …. While maintain our presence in conventional channels... we are striving to strengthen our digital capabilities Participant GLaundry and home care
You see us often on TV... and we also endorse all our brands digitally. The digital platforms that we use … include Google, YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok. We support our 23–24 brands of each year with TV ads Participant HFMCG
[…] (we) focused more on digital, TV, and radio Participant AParticipation banking
television remains the most important medium in Türkiye and globally, particularly in the realm of “mass media.” Considering the cost per person, it remains the cheapest channel. In Türkiye, television is also associated with the concept of “trust.” Participant DOnline platform

Top topics discussed before and during COVID-19_

Topic categoryTopic proportions (%)Topic labelTop ten representative words
Marketing messages8.2Communication campaignsDesign, practical, starting, competition, award-winning, catch, country, house, students, even
Solidarity3.5EarthquakeLife, earthquake, emergency, citizen, mercy, region, experienced, get well, customer, existing
Digitalization14.5Online transactionsCOVID, house, ziraat bank, todays, transactions, digit, coronavirus, timeframe, support, social
Messages covering special day(s)2.0New Year celebrationDecember, obstacle, effective, new year, year, simple, magazine, small, sleep
4.4National and/or religious festival celebrationFestival, happy, relatives, wish, peaceful, success, healthy, happiness, year, full
6.6International women’s dayWorld, march, violence, day, woman, women, life, women’s property, today
4.1Commemoration of AtatürkKemal, commemorate, mustafa, may, respect, warveteran, respect, thankfulness, atatürk, leader
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2025-0009 | Journal eISSN: 2069-8887 | Journal ISSN: 1842-0206
Language: English
Page range: 23 - 46
Submitted on: Feb 3, 2025
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Accepted on: Apr 13, 2025
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Published on: Jun 26, 2025
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2025 Mustafa Murat Cerit, Elif Karaosmanoğlu, published by Society for Business Excellence
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.