Phenotypic Diversity and Selection of Superior Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Genotypes from Kyrgyzstan Using Multivariate Approaches
By: Mederbek Zhaanbaev, Ahmet Esitken and Ozkan Kaya
References
- Afshari, H., Tajabadipour, A., Hokmabadi, H. 2009: Determining the chilling requirements of four Pistachio cultivars in Semnan province (Iran). Afr J Agric Res 4: 055–059.
- Akbari, M., Farajpour, M., Aalifar, M. et al. 2018a: Gamma irradiation affects the total phenol, anthocyanin and antioxidant properties in three different Persian pistachio nuts. Nat Prod Res 32: 322–326.
- Akbari, M., Mahna, N., Ramesh, K. et al. 2018b: Ion homeostasis, osmoregulation, and physiological changes in the roots and leaves of pistachio rootstocks in response to salinity. Protoplasma 255:1349–1362.
- Aliakbarkhani, S.T., Farajpour, M., Asadian, A.H. et al. 2017: Variation of nutrients and antioxidant activity in seed and exocarp layer of some Persian pistachio genotypes. Ann Agri Sci 62: 39–44.
- Benmoussa, H., Luedeling, E., Ghrab, M. et al. 2017: Performance of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) in warming Mediterranean orchards. Environ Exp Bot 140:76–85.
- Bernard, A., Lheureux, F., Dirlewanger, E. 2018: Walnut: past and future of genetic improvement. Tree Genet Genomes 14 (1): 1.
- Bozorgi, M., Memariani, Z., Mobli, M. et al. 2013: Five Pistacia species (P. vera, P. atlantica, P. terebinthus, P. khinjuk, and P. lentiscus): a review of their traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Sci World J 2013: 219815.
- Chao, C., Parfitt, D., Ferguson, L. et al. 1997: Breeding and genetics of pistachio: the California program. Acta Hortic 470: 152–161.
- Chao, C., Parfitt, D., Ferguson, L. et al. 2003: Genetic analyses of phenological traits of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). Euphytica 129: 345–349.
- Crane, J.C., Iwakiri, B.T. 1981: Morphology and reproduction of pistachio. Hortic Rev 3: 376–393.
- FAOstat 2018: data [databases on the Internet]. Available from http://www.fao.org/fao-stat/en/#data/QC
- Ferguson, L., Haviland, D. 2016: Pistachio production manual. Richmond: UCANR Publications.
- Ghrab, M., Zribi, F., Mimoun, M.B. et al. 2012: Morphological investigation of genetic diversity of pistachio (Pistacia vera) germplasm in arid land of Tunisia. Plant Ecol Evol 145: 363–372.
- Hormaza, J., Dollo, L., Polito, V. 1994: Determination of relatedness and geographical movements of Pistacia vera (Pistachio; Anacardiaceae) germplasm by RAPD analysis. Econ Bot 48: 349–358.
- Hormaza, J., Herrero, M. 1998: Pollen effects on fruit and seed characteristics in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). Ann Appl Biol 132: 357–364.
- Hormaza, J., Plnney, K., Polito, V. 1998: Genetic diversity of pistachio (Pistacia vera, Anacardiaceae) germplasm based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Econ Bot 52: 78–87.
- Hormaza, J., Wünsch, A. 2007: Pistachio. In: Kole C (ed) Fruits and nuts. Genome mapping and molecular breeding in plants, vol 4. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 243–251.
- IndexBox 2025: Global pistachio market's steady growth to reach 1.5 million tons in volume and $13.3 billion in value by 2035. IndexBox Market Intelligence Platform. https://www.indexbox.io/blog/pistachio-world-market-overview-2024-4/.
- Iwata, H., Minamikawa, M.F., Kajiya-Kanegae, H. et al. 2016: Genomics-assisted breeding in fruit trees. Breed Sci 66: 100–115.
- Kafkas, S., Kaska, N. 1997: Pistachio rootstock breeding by crossing different wild species grown in Turkey. Acta Hortic 470: 219–225.
- Kakvand, P., Soleimani, A., Razavi, F., Brar, G. 2025: Evaluating of Morphological and Phenological Diversity of Some Promising Genotypes of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) in Traditional Orchard of Qazvin. Agricultural and Food Sciences 1404 (3): 39.
- Kallsen, C., Parfitt, D., Maranto, J. 2009: New pistachio varieties show promise for California cultivation. Calif Agric 63: 18–23.
- Kallsen, C.E., Parfitt, D.E. 2017a: 'Famoso', a New Male Pistachio Cultivar to Replace 'Peters'. HortSci 52: 1829–1831.
- Kallsen, C.E., Parfitt, D.E. 2017b: 'Gumdrop', a new early harvest pistachio cultivar. HortSci 52: 310–312.
- Khanazarov, A. A., Chernova, G. M., Rakhmonov, A. M., Nikolyi, L. V., Ablaeva, E., Zaurov, D. E., Funk, C. R. 2009: Genetic resources of Pistacia vera L. in Central Asia. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 56 (3): 429–443.
- Kris-Etherton, P.M., Zhao, G., Binkoski, A.E. et al. 2001: The effects of nuts on coronary heart disease risk. Nutr Rev 59: 103–111.
- Küden, A., Kaska, N., Tanriver, E. et al. 1994: Determining the chilling requirements and growing degree hours of some pistachio nut cultivars and regions. Proceedings of the international symposium on pistachio: 85–90.
- Maggs, D. 1990: The Australian pistachio ';Sirora'. Fruit Var J 44: 178–179.
- Mir-Makhamad, B., Bjørn, R., Stark, S., & Spengler III, R. N. 2022: Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) domestication and dispersal out of Central Asia. Agronomy 12 (8): 1758.
- Nikpeyma, Y. 2024: Phenological, pomological, biochemical and physical characteristics of Siirt pistachio variety (Pistacia vera L.) in Five different ecologies of Southeast Anatolia-Türkiye. International Journal of Fruit Science 24 (1): 174-185.
- Parfitt, D., Badenes, M., Ferguson, L. et al. 1994: Pistachio breeding and genetics program at the University of California. Proceedings of the I international symposium on pistachio: 279–280.
- Parfitt, D., Kafkas, S., Batlle, I. et al. 2012: Pistachio. In: Badenes M, Byrne D (eds) Fruit breeding. Handbook of plant breeding, vol 8. Boston: Springer, pp 803–826.
- Parfitt, D.E., Kallsen, C., Maranto, J. et al. 2007: ';Golden Hills' Pistachio. HortSci 42: 694–696.
- Parfitt, D.E., Kallsen, C.E., Holtz, B. et al. 2008: ';Lost Hills': a new pistachio cultivar. HortSci 43: 247–249.
- Parfitt, D.E., Kallsen, C.E., Holtz, B. et al. 2010: ';Randy' male pistachio. HortSci 45: 1113–1115.
- Parfitt, D.E., Kallsen, C.E., Maranto, J. 2016: Pistachio cultivars. In: Ferguson L, Haviland D (eds) Pistachio production manual. Fruit and Nut Research and Information Center, 5th edn. Davis: University of California, pp 59–64.
- Rahemi, M., Pakkish, Z. 2009: Determination of chilling and heat requirements of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivars. Agric Sci China 8: 803–807.
- Rezaei, M., Hokmabadi, H., Khadivi, A., Safari-mKhuzani, A., Heidari, P. 2019: The selection of superior pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) genotypes among seedling trees originated from open-pollination. Scientia Horticulturae 251: 88-100.
- Sheikhi, A., Arab, M.M., Brown, P.J., Ferguson, L., Akbari, M. 2019: Pistachio (Pistacia spp.) Breeding. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Nut and Beverage Crops. Cham: Springer, pp 353–400.
- Singh, R., Singh, R., Ye, G. 2010: Molecular plant breeding: principle, method and application. Houston: Studium Press LLC.
- Stamler, R.A., Kilcrease, J., Kallsen, C. et al. 2015: First report of Rhodococcus isolates causing pistachio bushy top syndrome on `UCB-1'rootstock in California and Arizona. Plant Dis 99: 1468–1476.
- Talebi, M., Akbari, M., Zamani, M. et al. 2016: Molecular polymorphism in Pistacia vera L. using non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 14: 31–37.
- Tomaino, A., Martorana, M., Arcoraci, T. et al. 2010: Antioxidant activity and phenolic profile of pistachio (Pistacia vera L., variety Bronte) seeds and skins. Biochimie 92: 1115–1122.
- Vargas, F., Romero, M., Vargas, I. 2001: Flowering precocity in pistachio progenies. Proceedings of the III international symposium on pistachios and almonds. Acta Hortic 591: 297–303.
- Whitehouse, W. 1957: The pistachio nut – a new crop for the western United States. Econ Bot 11: 281–321.
- Zohary, M. 1952: A monographical study of the genus Pistacia. Palest J Bot 5: 187–228.
- Zohary, M. 1972: Pistacia L. Flora Palestina. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, Israel 2: 297–300.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mittklbg-2026-0006 | Journal eISSN: 3061-063X | Journal ISSN: 3061-0621
Language: English
Page range: 83 - 108
Submitted on: Jan 22, 2026
Published on: Jun 26, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Related subjects:
© 2026 Mederbek Zhaanbaev, Ahmet Esitken, Ozkan Kaya, published by High School and Federal Office of Viticulture and Pomology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.