Phenotypic Diversity and Selection of Superior Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Genotypes from Kyrgyzstan Using Multivariate Approaches

Mederbek Zhaanbaev; Ahmet Esitken; Ozkan Kaya

doi:10.2478/mittklbg-2026-0006

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Phenotypic Diversity and Selection of Superior Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Genotypes from Kyrgyzstan Using Multivariate Approaches

Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg: Journal of Viticulture, Oenology, Pomology and Fruit Processing

Volume 76 (2026): Issue 2 (July 2026)

By: Mederbek Zhaanbaev, Ahmet Esitken and Ozkan Kaya

Open Access

|Jun 2026

Figures & Tables

The research area is the artificial pistachio forest near the village of Kypchak-Talaa.

Representative nuts of the 12 superior pistachio genotypes (KT-002, KT-033, KT-042, KT-051, KT-066, KT-092, KT-074, KT-085, KT-089, KT-090, KT-091, and KT-093) identified through multivariate selection index analysis.

Hierarchical cluster analysis and heatmap of 93 pistachio genotypes based on 16 morphological, physical, and color traits.

Pearson correlation matrix among 16 morphological, physical, and color traits in 93 pistachio genotypes.

Violin plot distributions of 16 morphological, physical, and color traits across 93 pistachio genotypes.

Sunburst diagram showing the relative contribution of 16 traits to total phenotypic variance in 93 pistachio genotypes.

Performance evaluation of selected pistachio genotypes based on kernel, nut, shell, and color traits, and their composite Selection Index (SI) scores_

Name	Kernel Weight	Kernel Ratio	Nut Size	Splitting	Shell Thickness	Color Traits	Composite SI Score
KT-092	Very High	High	Very High	Moderate	Thin	Excellent	Very High
KT-089	Very High	Moderate	Very High	Very High	Thin	Good	Very High
KT-042	High	Moderate	High	High	Moderate	Good	Moderate
KT-085	High	High	Moderate	High	Thin	Good	Moderate
KT-093	High	High	High	Very High	Thin	Good	High
KT-074	Moderate	High	Moderate	Very High	Moderate	Good	High
KT-090	High	Very High	High	Very High	Thin	Good	High
KT-002	Moderate	High	Moderate	Very High	Moderate	High	High
KT-091	Very High	High	High	High	Moderate	Good	High
KT-033	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Very High	Moderate	Good	Moderate
KT-066	Moderate	High	Moderate	Low	Thin	High	Moderate
KT-051	Moderate	High	Moderate	Very High	Moderate	High	Moderate

Phenological characteristics of selected pistachio genotypes during the 2025 growing season

Name	Bud Swelling Date	Bud Burst Date	First Flowering Date	Full Flowering Date	End of Flowering	Flowering Duration (Day)
KT-002	21 Mar 2025	24 Mar 2025	31 Mar 2025	3 Apr 2025	6 Apr 2025	6
KT-033	19 Mar 2025	22 Mar 2025	31 Mar 2025	3 Apr 2025	7 Apr 2025	7
KT-042	19 Mar 2025	23 Mar 2025	31 Mar 2025	4 Apr 2025	7 Apr 2025	7
KT-066	1 Apr 2025	4 Apr 2025	9 Apr 2025	12 Apr 2025	15 Apr 2025	6
KT-074	22 Mar 2025	25 Mar 2025	30 Apr 2025	4 Apr 2025	7 Apr 2025	7
KT-085	21 Mar 2025	24 Mar 2025	1 Apr 2025	4 Apr 2025	8 Apr 2025	7
KT-051	20 Mar 2025	21 Mar 2025	1 Apr 2025	4 Apr 2025	8 Apr 2025	7
KT-089	20 Mar 2025	24 Mar 2025	1 Apr 2025	5 Apr 2025	9 Apr 2025	8
KT-090	19 Mar 2025	23 Mar 2025	1 Apr 2025	5 Apr 2025	8 Apr 2025	7
KT-091	19 Mar 2025	22 Mar 2025	1 Apr 2025	5 Apr 2025	8 Apr 2025	7
KT-092	18 Mar 2025	21 Mar 2025	30 Mar 2025	2 Apr 2025	7 Apr 2025	8
KT-093	24 Mar 2025	27 Mar 2025	3 Apr 2025	7 Apr 2025	12 Apr 2025	9

Morphological, yield, quality, and selection index traits of evaluated pistachio genotypes, including genotypes selected based on the Multi-Trait Selection Index

Name	Length (mm)	Thickness (mm)	Width (mm)	Size (cm²)	Nut-in-Shell Weight (g)	100-Nut Weight (g)	Splitting Ratio (%)	Shell Thickness (mm)	Kernel Weight (g)	Kernel Ratio (%)	Kernel Color L	Kernel Color a	Kernel Color b	Shell Color L	Shell Color a	Shell Color b	Selection Index	SI > 0.702
KT-092	18.63	11.01	11.82	2.43	0.94	95.19	94.49	0.66	0.48	51.13	22.91	7.65	2.80	23.54	6.05	2.90	1.84	Selected
KT-089	19.07	10.24	11.67	2.27	0.97	97.16	85.55	0.66	0.48	49.17	25.93	5.03	5.32	24.41	6.07	1.98	1.60	Selected
KT-042	17.63	10.11	10.78	1.93	0.88	91.65	79.95	0.80	0.43	49.12	49.94	10.24	0.29	22.06	7.36	1.55	1.55	Selected
KT-085	18.03	8.65	9.89	1.54	0.78	85.34	80.60	0.67	0.42	52.94	25.71	4.29	5.48	25.15	6.73	4.28	1.07	Selected
KT-093	19.21	9.27	11.07	1.97	0.83	80.64	88.00	0.62	0.44	53.41	21.71	6.19	1.05	20.03	6.15	0.41	1.04	Selected
KT-074	17.90	8.84	10.24	1.62	0.77	77.08	84.50	0.71	0.39	51.00	23.16	5.12	4.49	21.50	6.23	1.92	0.99	Selected
KT-090	19.41	9.40	9.91	1.81	0.79	82.04	88.68	0.57	0.44	56.40	22.67	5.72	2.06	21.88	6.33	0.65	0.99	Selected
KT-002	19.26	8.10	10.19	1.59	0.76	75.00	82.97	0.79	0.39	50.35	37.75	2.81	14.57	42.12	7.90	12.67	0.90	Selected
KT-091	18.87	9.43	11.06	1.97	0.93	91.37	78.30	0.68	0.48	51.98	20.82	6.25	0.59	25.62	5.84	3.05	0.86	Selected
KT-033	17.24	9.86	10.03	1.70	0.76	75.35	88.93	0.79	0.38	49.71	20.72	5.11	1.44	21.54	5.92	1.80	0.81	Selected
KT-066	17.41	8.56	10.12	1.51	0.79	80.87	85.20	0.62	0.39	49.36	27.67	4.93	7.26	31.42	6.37	7.32	0.77	Selected
KT-051	16.50	9.06	10.12	1.52	0.73	73.89	80.61	0.70	0.38	51.69	40.69	1.78	18.77	42.73	7.27	15.02	0.73	Selected
KT-032	18.23	9.43	10.18	1.75	0.78	77.70	60.70	0.75	0.37	48.37	18.63	6.86	4.24	37.67	7.05	13.99	0.68	NS
KT-070	16.95	9.79	10.82	1.78	0.70	70.97	66.80	0.72	0.36	50.79	17.43	11.35	2.90	41.97	6.91	13.11	0.67	NS
KT-021	18.93	9.33	9.87	1.66	0.72	69.98	59.86	0.78	0.33	46.08	15.82	5.92	1.17	34.42	6.76	12.79	0.61	NS
KT-052	16.19	8.39	11.19	1.51	0.68	67.35	55.95	0.63	0.31	45.01	38.46	2.28	17.74	44.20	6.07	14.01	0.56	NS
KT-018	18.12	9.11	10.13	1.67	0.79	79.99	75.41	0.83	0.37	47.38	15.40	5.31	0.97	63.99	6.63	13.09	0.55	NS
KT-047	16.61	9.19	10.93	1.67	0.69	68.95	40.90	0.74	0.31	44.41	20.80	5.61	2.25	19.88	5.02	-0.31	0.46	NS
KT-017	17.87	8.88	10.37	1.65	0.73	71.50	54.88	0.85	0.31	41.72	15.90	5.92	1.34	37.40	6.57	10.72	0.43	NS
KT-050	17.79	8.44	9.49	1.42	0.69	68.40	79.42	0.69	0.37	53.67	19.09	6.09	0.03	19.58	5.49	0.04	0.42	NS
KT-035	16.96	9.49	10.38	1.67	0.71	70.90	27.80	0.80	0.34	48.03	21.16	6.11	2.55	25.69	7.51	5.25	0.37	NS
KT-030	17.84	8.66	10.51	1.63	0.74	74.26	57.37	0.73	0.36	48.20	14.94	5.75	0.21	39.12	6.52	11.51	0.36	NS
KT-013	16.82	8.71	9.41	1.38	0.65	63.55	57.71	0.82	0.29	45.19	16.15	6.72	1.83	39.95	7.22	13.16	0.35	NS
KT-031	15.21	9.80	10.29	1.54	0.74	72.41	78.27	0.90	0.32	43.93	23.13	5.81	7.89	38.62	7.40	12.90	0.34	NS
KT-077	16.93	8.83	9.15	1.37	0.67	67.58	48.94	0.75	0.30	44.47	40.76	1.93	20.76	39.46	6.16	14.87	0.33	NS
KT-011	15.40	9.45	10.31	1.50	0.71	69.71	77.85	0.74	0.35	49.24	39.73	1.60	19.94	42.73	6.98	14.73	0.33	NS
KT-038	14.47	8.96	9.34	1.22	0.69	59.52	79.30	0.76	0.32	45.94	22.31	5.76	3.60	24.08	6.04	3.75	0.33	NS
KT-027	17.84	8.47	9.45	1.43	0.65	65.33	74.60	0.67	0.37	56.53	42.33	1.38	23.82	43.16	10.03	12.17	0.32	NS
KT-053	17.62	8.45	9.56	1.43	0.70	70.25	79.33	0.79	0.33	46.48	40.83	1.50	18.17	40.23	6.85	12.93	0.32	NS
KT-078	17.44	8.79	9.97	1.53	0.63	70.09	37.40	0.83	0.33	31.84	41.86	4.35	22.94	39.56	7.63	15.01	0.29	NS
KT-059	15.62	8.50	9.79	1.30	0.63	62.73	75.22	0.83	0.31	25.96	39.73	1.88	19.39	43.99	6.60	13.20	0.28	NS
KT-028	16.52	8.86	10.01	1.47	0.70	69.31	75.18	0.80	0.33	46.99	41.41	6.73	22.23	37.24	7.27	12.63	0.28	NS
KT-025	15.97	10.27	8.69	1.44	0.58	56.16	70.29	0.71	0.30	51.64	41.66	2.10	23.08	40.24	6.70	13.52	0.28	NS
KT-073	17.29	8.58	10.22	1.52	0.70	70.11	71.97	0.77	0.35	50.41	15.76	7.07	2.66	42.55	5.72	13.24	0.28	NS
KT-029	17.97	8.46	9.34	1.42	0.72	72.90	76.37	0.75	0.31	43.56	37.24	2.18	21.86	41.84	6.15	12.80	0.28	NS
KT-016	15.84	8.81	8.77	1.23	0.57	57.34	76.36	0.70	0.30	53.39	15.25	5.23	0.77	43.05	7.07	13.11	0.22	NS
KT-065	15.40	8.51	9.48	1.24	0.62	60.67	79.74	0.75	0.31	50.07	25.93	6.37	10.52	41.72	7.26	13.15	0.19	NS
KT-049	16.64	9.22	9.16	1.41	0.67	65.85	75.65	0.65	0.36	53.87	19.09	6.09	0.03	19.58	5.49	0.04	0.18	NS
KT-071	16.34	8.12	9.89	1.31	0.63	62.90	73.54	0.77	0.30	47.65	25.17	5.12	3.72	24.50	7.37	11.82	0.17	NS
KT-036	16.35	9.64	10.54	1.66	0.75	73.87	78.31	0.84	0.35	47.43	24.91	5.39	6.25	22.63	6.29	2.37	0.17	NS
KT-057	16.09	8.43	9.15	1.24	0.61	58.65	71.46	0.70	0.33	26.74	42.39	1.69	19.80	41.70	7.41	14.62	0.17	NS
KT-015	17.87	8.78	9.37	1.48	0.70	67.92	74.24	0.72	0.33	47.20	14.69	4.61	0.05	41.87	7.02	14.10	0.12	NS
KT-044	17.06	7.94	9.97	1.36	0.63	63.70	78.20	0.76	0.31	50.08	24.15	4.88	3.68	20.51	5.16	0.15	0.11	NS
KT-088	16.51	8.77	9.77	1.42	0.64	57.67	80.90	0.64	0.31	49.17	39.15	1.56	20.57	39.21	7.55	14.97	0.11	NS
KT-006	15.80	8.55	9.46	1.28	0.60	60.27	74.97	0.74	0.30	50.91	40.11	2.02	18.64	37.31	7.05	11.65	0.09	NS
KT-020	16.85	9.03	9.63	1.46	0.66	64.71	82.15	0.73	0.32	48.29	16.90	6.10	2.36	40.12	6.73	12.60	0.08	NS
KT-012	15.32	9.11	9.63	1.35	0.64	62.15	60.78	0.74	0.30	47.22	40.84	1.44	19.70	41.02	6.82	13.06	0.07	NS
KT-046	16.44	8.88	9.86	1.44	0.66	66.68	80.80	0.75	0.33	50.12	21.07	5.64	1.43	20.34	5.58	0.32	0.07	NS
KT-014	17.44	8.57	9.25	1.38	0.67	65.96	74.50	0.71	0.34	50.20	17.58	7.80	3.37	43.84	6.46	14.27	0.07	NS
KT-063	16.37	8.98	9.39	1.39	0.63	64.70	80.95	0.63	0.34	54.21	42.66	1.77	21.18	46.52	5.77	14.16	0.05	NS
KT-003	16.26	8.31	9.59	1.29	0.59	58.50	77.67	0.54	0.30	50.70	29.60	4.29	12.64	41.42	6.87	12.70	0.04	NS
KT-076	15.90	8.47	10.07	1.36	0.64	63.48	72.50	0.75	0.32	50.56	41.81	2.03	22.51	61.42	6.87	15.02	0.03	NS
KT-054	17.68	9.99	11.14	1.96	0.71	73.45	45.70	0.86	0.35	50.15	39.88	1.81	16.72	44.51	7.70	19.05	0.02	NS
KT-034	17.96	8.28	10.49	1.56	0.65	65.88	33.75	0.70	0.34	52.42	19.84	6.28	-0.79	26.38	7.17	5.39	0.01	NS
KT-010	15.93	8.54	9.72	1.33	0.62	58.38	68.93	0.82	0.29	46.55	14.56	5.07	-0.16	41.67	6.98	14.52	0.01	NS
KT-009	15.66	8.57	10.66	1.43	0.71	68.85	67.41	0.76	0.36	50.29	16.68	6.93	2.04	42.57	7.12	13.31	0.01	NS
KT-081	15.06	8.42	10.31	1.31	0.68	67.70	80.80	0.77	0.33	48.70	41.63	1.96	22.46	41.14	6.08	14.47	0.00	NS
KT-087	16.79	7.78	9.05	1.18	0.59	58.98	70.17	0.68	0.30	51.34	41.44	1.89	23.24	41.50	7.05	15.39	0.00	NS
KT-082	17.14	7.94	9.19	1.25	0.61	68.03	78.80	0.70	0.31	50.23	40.38	1.88	22.48	39.08	7.06	15.06	-0.03	NS
KT-084	16.70	8.28	9.37	1.30	0.60	62.72	85.80	0.85	0.30	50.68	39.68	1.87	21.94	38.91	7.05	15.88	-0.05	NS
KT-048	15.84	8.92	9.25	1.31	0.66	61.40	84.05	0.75	0.30	45.05	23.60	6.07	3.43	19.62	5.14	-0.28	-0.05	NS
KT-045	16.92	8.46	9.39	1.35	0.65	65.63	73.30	0.77	0.30	46.87	43.98	5.34	2.11	19.26	5.89	0.67	-0.08	NS
KT-022	16.86	8.67	9.87	1.44	0.70	67.28	53.63	0.75	0.31	45.17	31.28	3.43	16.51	42.29	9.95	14.15	-0.09	NS
KT-041	16.08	8.25	9.91	1.33	0.63	61.85	85.00	0.71	0.28	45.56	19.39	5.12	-0.55	15.36	4.61	-0.80	-0.10	NS
KT-072	18.23	7.85	8.21	1.18	0.55	53.43	38.98	0.65	0.30	54.56	16.78	6.98	2.23	43.81	6.52	14.75	-0.11	NS
KT-019	15.66	9.16	9.52	1.37	0.62	60.68	64.54	0.69	0.32	51.66	15.44	5.92	1.07	38.62	7.35	12.01	-0.11	NS
KT-001	17.13	8.42	9.78	1.41	0.72	72.54	73.57	0.73	0.38	52.01	51.96	4.07	34.71	40.07	6.52	11.77	-0.12	NS
KT-026	16.87	8.21	9.16	1.27	0.59	59.13	71.61	0.81	0.27	45.95	37.54	4.27	23.26	43.86	6.44	13.44	-0.15	NS
KT-060	17.58	8.19	8.96	1.29	0.63	62.70	78.00	0.72	0.30	47.98	41.85	1.51	20.05	39.30	7.00	11.97	-0.16	NS
KT-055	17.60	8.50	8.97	1.34	0.62	62.49	87.01	0.56	0.36	57.26	42.74	1.10	20.09	44.04	6.29	13.73	-0.16	NS
KT-075	15.68	7.74	9.65	1.19	0.54	53.54	72.14	0.79	0.27	49.96	39.86	3.61	22.08	40.56	12.28	16.34	-0.18	NS
KT-069	14.63	9.46	10.21	1.42	0.58	60.05	16.14	0.81	0.29	49.79	15.23	5.88	0.94	44.65	6.67	14.90	-0.19	NS
KT-080	14.96	8.80	9.94	1.31	0.68	66.87	78.50	0.84	0.31	45.39	41.39	3.06	23.06	39.71	7.77	15.86	-0.20	NS
KT-067	16.08	8.14	9.77	1.29	0.62	64.73	78.46	0.93	0.27	45.19	20.98	8.21	6.42	45.27	7.26	13.96	-0.20	NS
KT-040	17.24	8.59	9.59	1.42	0.65	63.82	41.55	0.66	0.34	52.88	19.34	5.41	-0.66	19.93	5.26	-0.68	-0.20	NS
KT-007	15.25	7.95	8.72	1.06	0.63	62.36	78.37	0.83	0.28	43.68	15.56	6.36	1.49	43.17	6.76	13.33	-0.20	NS
KT-061	16.20	7.86	8.76	1.12	0.59	58.66	17.10	0.71	0.30	50.59	42.39	2.28	20.10	41.33	7.74	12.78	-0.21	NS
KT-062	16.17	8.44	10.16	1.39	0.63	63.78	48.50	0.84	0.32	51.11	37.98	1.80	17.97	43.74	6.99	12.95	-0.24	NS
KT-086	16.44	8.01	9.18	1.21	0.63	58.93	67.90	0.72	0.30	48.77	40.68	2.75	21.99	35.47	10.39	14.14	-0.25	NS
KT-079	18.40	8.61	9.73	1.69	0.66	60.36	82.01	0.76	0.35	53.23	40.46	1.80	22.39	42.50	6.53	15.90	-0.25	NS
KT-024	15.42	8.64	9.57	1.27	0.60	59.18	74.32	0.71	0.31	51.16	41.65	4.33	23.39	40.04	6.58	13.50	-0.25	NS
KT-039	15.79	7.98	9.34	1.20	0.58	57.25	71.50	0.83	0.29	53.90	20.71	5.78	2.25	21.77	7.48	3.65	-0.29	NS
KT-056	16.03	7.56	9.78	1.19	0.57	57.57	77.05	0.70	0.27	24.53	44.48	2.65	21.29	37.61	7.65	13.08	-0.29	NS
KT-068	16.42	7.91	9.34	1.22	0.55	56.52	42.67	0.72	0.30	54.13	17.75	7.55	3.43	42.89	6.50	13.51	-0.30	NS
KT-008	16.76	7.34	8.39	1.03	0.64	55.74	78.38	0.74	0.30	46.15	15.70	6.16	1.10	41.82	6.59	13.35	-0.31	NS
KT-004	16.24	7.76	9.25	1.17	0.56	55.65	80.94	0.68	0.26	47.86	35.49	1.81	16.61	42.68	6.49	13.28	-0.32	NS
KT-005	16.39	7.98	9.90	1.29	0.55	56.70	27.00	0.67	0.26	47.28	32.21	2.48	14.77	42.04	7.65	15.02	-0.34	NS
KT-058	16.19	7.99	9.12	1.19	0.59	59.64	77.22	0.74	0.30	25.34	43.09	2.88	20.57	40.16	7.43	13.57	-0.42	NS
KT-043	16.42	8.60	9.55	1.35	0.67	65.35	43.85	0.90	0.28	42.09	19.81	5.91	0.15	18.68	5.00	-0.65	-0.44	NS
KT-037	17.71	7.13	8.85	1.12	0.54	53.40	76.00	0.65	0.27	49.70	21.53	5.96	2.85	22.47	7.21	2.69	-0.47	NS
KT-064	14.48	7.94	9.29	1.12	0.68	67.29	44.15	0.76	0.31	45.41	42.51	0.76	20.26	41.51	7.40	11.34	-0.49	NS
KT-023	14.49	8.23	9.34	1.14	0.52	52.90	87.20	0.74	0.27	50.96	35.40	4.79	21.16	41.31	6.90	13.29	-0.49	NS
KT-083	15.77	8.15	9.07	1.16	0.54	48.25	83.00	0.73	0.28	52.61	40.54	1.51	21.83	40.17	7.19	14.80	-0.64	NS

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mittklbg-2026-0006 | Journal eISSN: 3061-063X | Journal ISSN: 3061-0621

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Language: English

Page range: 83 - 108

Submitted on: Jan 22, 2026

Published on: Jun 26, 2026

Published by: High School and Federal Office of Viticulture and Pomology

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

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© 2026 Mederbek Zhaanbaev, Ahmet Esitken, Ozkan Kaya, published by High School and Federal Office of Viticulture and Pomology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 76 (2026): Issue 2 (July 2026)

Phenotypic Diversity and Selection of Superior Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Genotypes from Kyrgyzstan Using Multivariate Approaches

Figures & Tables

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Fig. 6:

Performance evaluation of selected pistachio genotypes based on kernel, nut, shell, and color traits, and their composite Selection Index (SI) scores_

Phenological characteristics of selected pistachio genotypes during the 2025 growing season

Morphological, yield, quality, and selection index traits of evaluated pistachio genotypes, including genotypes selected based on the Multi-Trait Selection Index

Paradigm

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