Table 1:
Data basis for the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions from a vineyard in Austria for 1 hectare of vineyard area.
| Area | Amount | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Vineyard-infrastructure | 4,349 | kg steel (poles, stakes und wire) |
| Planting | 3,570 | Piece of vines |
| Tractor-energy input | 1,650 | kWh diesel (app. 160 litres) |
| Plant protection | 11 | kg plant protection products conventional |
| Fertilization | 155 | kg mineral fertilizer (40 kg nitrogen, 70 potassium, 20 kg phosphorus, 25 kg magnesium) |
| Enrichment | 175 | kg beet sugar |
| Fining products | 19,5 | kg (must and wine treatment agents) |
| Wine storage – Energy | 1,600 | kWh conventional electricity |
| Bottling – Energy | 600 | kWh conventional electricity |
| Winery – Energy | 200 | kWh conventional electricity |
| Bottle | 8,370 | pieces “Bordeaux 480 g” |
| Closures | 25.1 | kg aluminum capsules |
| Labelling | 15.7 | kg paper |
| Packaging | 488.25 | kg cardboard cases |
Table 2:
Types of small packages included in the study. Numbers of possible refills for each type are stated.
| small packaging | technical description | number of possible refills |
|---|---|---|
| Bag-in-box | Material: PET outer film for oxygen-sensitive products such as wine, fruit concentrates and fruit preparations. Tare weight: 0.056 kg (without carton); Capacity: 3 l, disposable | 1 |
| KEG-steel tanks | Euro KEG 20 l, calibrated, KEG tanks for storage of beer, wine and juice. Dead weight: 4.5 kg; capacity: 20 l; returnable | 100 |
| Sustainability – returnable bottle (Austria) | Glass bottle production in Austria: share of cullet at least 75 % and energy mix average Austria; share of renewable energy in energy mix average; tare weight: 0.480 kg/bottle (average weight between Bordeaux and Rhine wine bottle); capacity: 0.75 l; reusable according to eco-label 26 “Reusable containers and reusable cup systems” with a refill rate of 12 | 12 |
| Exclusive returnable bottle (Austria) | Glass bottle production Austria (share of cullet at least 75 %; energy mix average in Austria; share of renewable energy sources in energy mix average; tare weight: 0.600 kg/bottle; capacity: 0.75 l; reusable according to eco-label 26 “Reusable containers and reusable cup systems” with a refill rate of 12 | 12 |
| Disposable bottle (international) – one way | Glass bottle production international (no cullet; share 100 % fossil fuels in the energy mix; net weight: 0.600 kg/bottle; capacity: 0.75 l; disposable | 1 |
| PET bottle (primary materials) | PET bottle for the production of which primary materials were used and a bottle weight of 60g/0.75l bottle is assumed. | 1 |
| PET bottle (secondary materials) | PET bottle for the production of which secondary materials were used and a bottle weight of 50g/0.75l bottle is assumed. | 1 |
Table 3:
Greenhouse gas emissions in kg CO2eq per scope, per area and in total for a model winery in
| GHG-emissions | Scope 1 | Scope 2 | Scope 3 | Sum total | Unit | % share |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vineyard establishment | 417 | 417 | kg | 6.4 | ||
| Diesel (tractor) | 414 | 107 | 521 | kg | 8.0 | |
| Plant protection products | 128 | 128 | kg | 2.0 | ||
| Fertilization | 213 | 454 | 667 | kg | 10.3 | |
| Enrichment | 263 | 263 | kg | 4.0 | ||
| Wine treatment products | 30 | 30 | kg | 0.5 | ||
| Electricity use (cellar to bottling) | 515 | 126 | 641 | kg | 9.9 | |
| Bottle | 3,119 | 3,119 | kg | 48.0 | ||
| Closures+labels+cardboard cases | 710 | 710 | kg | 10.9 | ||
| Sum | 627 | 515 | 5,354 | 6,496 | kg | 100 |
| Share in % | 9.7 | 7.9 | 82.4 | 100 | % |
Table 4:
Impact of small packaging and possible refills on GHG emissions in kg per small container unit and GHG emissions in kg per litre of wine in accordance with table 2
| Container type | GHG emissions in kg per small container unit | GHG emissions in kg per litre | GHG emissions in kg per litre in case of refilling |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bag-in-box | 0.152 | 0.051 | 0.051 |
| KEG steel container | 11.02 | 0.551 | 0.006 |
| Sustainability – returnable 0.370 kg/0.75 litre bottle (Austria) | 0.287 | 0.383 | 0.032 |
| Exclusive returnable 0.600 kg/0.75 litre bottle (Austria) | 0.466 | 0.621 | 0.052 |
| Disposable 0.600 kg/0.75 litre bottle (international) – one way | 0.570 | 0.760 | 0.760 |
| PET bottle (primary materials) kg/0.75 litre bottle | 0.183 | 0.244 | 0.244 |
| PET bottle (secondary materials) kg/0.75 litre bottle | 0.11 | 0.147 | 0.147 |
Table 5:
GHG emissions per bottle during bottle washing in large-scale and modern operations (Original table)
| Wine bottle cleaning (reuse) | Steam energy (heat) in kWh/bottle (refillable) | Natural gas for steam energy (heat) in kWh/bottle | Electricity energy in kWh/bottle (refillable) | Energy consumption in kWh/bottle | GHG emissions in kg/bottle |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Data KRONES | 0.0217 | 0.024 | 0.0177 | 0.042 | 0.011 |
| Details bottler Weinviertel | Litres of fuel oil/1100 bottles | kWh heating oil/1100 bottles | Energy consumption in kWh/bottle | GHG emissions kg/bottle | Total GHG emissions in kg/bottle |
| Thermal fuel oil | 9.67 | 93.01 | 0.085 | 0.022 | 0.02832 |
| Electricity input | 25.00 | 0.023 | 0.006 |
| Machine | Electrical energy (kWh) | Low-pressure air (Nm3/h) | Process water (m3/h) | Steam (kWh) | CO2 (kg/h) | Cooling energy-refrigeration system (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combined unloader and loader | 5.0 | 15.0 | ||||
| Sorting of foreign bottles | 0.5 | 3.0 | ||||
| Bottle washing machine | 35.0 | 1.0 | 2.75 | 200.0 | ||
| Inspection module for self-adhesive | 0.5 | |||||
| labels | ||||||
| Empty bottle inspector | 1.0 | 10.0 | ||||
| Container transport | 13.0 | 0.55 | ||||
| Packages transport | 11.0 | |||||
| Pallet transport | 2.0 | |||||
| Unpacker | 2.5 | 5.0 | ||||
| Packer | 2.5 | 5.0 | ||||
| Unscrewers | 6.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Box washer (hot) | 15.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 25.0 | ||
| Film winder | 5.0 | 12.0 | ||||
| Quantity/hour | 99.0 | 52.5 | 3.8 | 225.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Consumption per 1,000 bottles | 9.9 | 5.3 | 0.4 | 22.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Machine | Electrical energy (kWh) | Low-pressure air (Nm3/h) | Process water (m3/h) | Steam (kWh) | CO2(kg/h) | Cooling energy – refrigeration system (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bottel slider | 2.8 | 14.0 | ||||
| Empty bottle inspector | 0.8 | 8.3 | ||||
| Feeding system for closures | 0.8 | 0.3 | ||||
| Control system for filler and capper (incl. VS blow-off) | 0.5 | 50.0 | ||||
| Control system for labels | 0.5 | |||||
| Container dryer | 14.5 | |||||
| Palletiser | 3.0 | 15.0 | ||||
| Disposable packer – case | 4.5 | 18.0 | ||||
| Labelling machine | 3.6 | 20.0 | ||||
| Rinser – 1 channel | 5.0 | 3.0 | 0.8 | |||
| Filler with vacuum pump | 10.0 | 40.0 | 0.3 | 16.0 | 5.0 | |
| Container transport | 8.0 | 0.4 | ||||
| Packages transport | 5.0 | |||||
| Pallet transport slider | 2.5 | |||||
| Pallet transport loader | 2.5 | |||||
| Capsule machine | 5.0 | 25.0 | ||||
| Injector | 1.0 | |||||
| Film winder | 4.0 | 10.0 | ||||
| Container labeller | 1.0 | |||||
| Container inspector | 0.5 | |||||
| Bottle washing machine | 30.0 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 130.0 | ||
| Container sorter | 0.5 | 3.0 | ||||
| Quantity/hour | 106.0 | 207.8 | 3.0 | 130.0 | 16.0 | 5.0 |
| Consumption per 1,000 bottles | 17.7 | 34.6 | 0.5 | 21.7 | 2.7 | 0.8 |
| Energy sources and materials | Scope 1 | Scope 2 | Scope 3 | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electricity production in Austria 2020 | 214,6 | 52,4 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | |
| Diesel (combustion) | 255 | 65,7 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | |
| Wine treatment agent PVPP | 12,2 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Filtration material diatomaceous earth | 0,03 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Dried yeast | 2,6 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Gelatine (liquid) | 1 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Activated charcoal | 0,6 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Enzymes | 6,77 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Bottles/refillable Austria | 0,8 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Bottles/disposable international fossil | 1,15 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Bag in Box | 3,1 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| KEG-Stainless steel barrels | 2,45 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Screw cap (aluminium) | 19,5 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Cork | 1,4 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Labels | 1,5 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Cardboard | 0,80 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Crop protection products conventional | 12,2 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Nitrous oxide emissions from soil nitrogen | 5,32 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Nitrogen – mineral fertiliser production | 7,8 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Potassium – mineral fertiliser production | 1,30 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Phosphorus – mineral fertiliser production | 1,0 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Magnesium – mineral Fertiliser Production | 1,20 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Sucrose | 1,5 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Steel poles | 2,40 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Vine planting material | 1,0 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Wire | 2,40 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Concrete pole | 2,8 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Plastic pole | 3,22 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Wooden pole | 0,2 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Wooden stakes | 0,20 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Steel stakes | 2,4 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh | ||
| Plastic stakes | 3,22 | g CO2 equivalent emissions per kWh |