References
- Allègre, C. J., & Turcotte, D. L. (1986). Implications of a two componentmarble-cakemantle. Nature, 323(6084), 123–127.
https://doi.org/10.1038/323123a0 - Best, M. G. (1974). Mantle-derived amphibole in xenoliths in alkalic basaltic lavas. Journal of Geophysical Research, 79(14), 2107–2113.
https://doi.org/10.1029/JB079i014p02107 - Blundy, J. D., & Holland, T. J. B. (1990). Calcic amphibole equilibria and a new amphibole-plagioclase geothermometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 104(2), 208–224.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00306444 - Bonadiman, C., Brombin, V., Andreozzi, G. B., Benna, P., Coltorti, M., Curetti, N., Faccini, B., Merli, M., Pelorosso, B., Stagno, V., Tesauro, M., & Pavese, A. (2021). Phlogopite-pargasite coexistence in an oxygen reduced spinel-peridotite ambient. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 11829.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90844-w - Browne, S. E., & Fairhead, J. D. (1983). Gravity study of the Central African Rift System: A model of continental disruption. Part 1: The Ngaoundere and Abu Gabra rift. Tectonophysics, 94(1-4), 187–203.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(83)90016-1 - Burke, K. (2001). Origin of the Cameroon Line of volcano-capped swells. Journal of Geology, 109(3), 349–362.
https://doi.org/10.1086/319977 - Caldeira, R., & Munha, J. M. (2002). Petrology of ultramafic nodules from São Tomé Island, Cameroon Volcanic Line (oceanic sector). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 34(3-4), 231–246.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(02)00022-2 - Coltorti, M., Beccaluva, L., Bonadiman, C., Faccini, B., Ntaflos, T., & Siena, F. (2004). Amphibole genesis via metasomatic reaction with clinopyroxene in mantle xenoliths from Victoria Land, Antarctica. Lithos, 75(1-2), 115–139.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2003.12.021 - Dantas, C., Ceuleneer, G., Gregoire, M., Python, M., Freydier, R., Warren, J., & Dick, H. J. B. (2007). Pyroxenites from the Southwest Indian ridge, 9–16 degrees E: Cumulates from incremental melt fractions produced at the top of a cold melting regime. Journal of Petrology, 48(4), 647–660.
https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egl076 - Dantas, C., Grégoire, M., Koester, E., Conceição, R. V., & Rieck, N. (2009). The lherzolite-websterite xenolith suite from Northern Patagonia (Argentina): Evidence of mantle-melt reaction processes. Lithos, 107(1–2), 107120.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2008.06.012 - Dautria, J., & Girod, M. (1986). Les enclaves de lherzolite à spinelle et plagioclase du volcan de Dibi (Adamaoua, Cameroun): des témoins d’un manteau supérieur anormal. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 109(3), 275–288.
https://doi.org/10.3406/bulmi.1986.7934 - DeBari, S. M., & Coleman, R. G. (1989). Examination of the deep levels of an island arc: Evidence from the Tonsina ultramafic-mafic assemblage, Tonsina, Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94(B4), 4373–4391.
https://doi.org/10.1029/jb094ib04p04373 - Déruelle, B., Ngounouno, I., & Demaiffe, D. (2007). The Cameroon Hot Line (CHL): A unique example of active alkaline intraplate structure in both oceanic and continental lithospheres. Comptes rendus - Geoscience, 339(9), 589–600.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2007.07.007 - Dorbath, C., Fairhead, J. D., & Stuart, G. W. (1986). A teleseismic delay time study across the Central African Shear Zone in the Adamawa region of Cameroon. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 86, 751–766.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1986.tb00658.x - Downes, H. (2000). Multiple origins for mantle pyroxenites: Subducted ocean crust and/or cumulates from asthenospheric magmas. Gold2000.J.503.
- Downes, H. (2001). Formation and modification of the shallow sub-continental lithospheric mantle: A review of geochemical evidence from ultramafic xenolith suites and tectonically emplaced ultramafic massifs of Western and Central Europe. Journal of Petrology, 42(1), 233–250.
https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/42.1.233 - Dunlop, H. M., & Fitton, J. D. (1979). A K-Ar and Sr-isotope study of the volcanic rocks of the island of Principe, West Africa: Evidence for mantle heterogeneity beneath the Gulf of Guinea. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 71(1), 125–131.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00375428 - Fitton, J. G., & Dunlop, H. M. (1985). The Cameroon Line, West Africa and its bearing on the origin of oceanic and continental alkali basalt. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 72(1), 23–38.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(85)90114-1 - Francis, D. M. (1976). The origin of amphibole in lherzolite xenoliths from Nunivak Island, Alaska. Journal of Petrology, 17(3), 357–378.
https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/17.3.357 - Girod, M., Dautria, J., Ball, E., & Soba, D. (1984). Pétrologie-estimation de la profondeur du Moho sous le Massif Volcanique de l’Adamoua (Cameroun), à partir de l’étude d’enclaves de lherzolite. Academy Sciences, Paris, 298, 699–704.
- Irving, A. J. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of composite ultramafic xenoliths in alkalic basalts and implications for magmatic processes within the mantle. American Journal of Science, 280-A, 389–426.
- Karmalakar, N. R., Duraiswami, R. A., Griffin, W. L., & O’reilly, S. Y. (2005). Enigmatic orthopyroxene-rutile-spinel intergrowth in the mantle xenoliths from Kutch. Current Science, v0.76(5), 687–693.
- Kelemen, P. B., Dick, H. J. B., & Quick, J. E. (1992). Formation of harzburgite by pervasive melt/rock reaction in the upper mantle. Nature, 358(6388), 635–641.
https://doi.org/10.1038/358635a0 - Khedr, M. Z., & Arai, S. (2016). Chemical variations of mineral inclusions in Neoproterozoic high-Cr chromitites from Egypt: Evidence of fluids during chromitite genesis. Lithos, 240–243, 309–326.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.11.029 - Leake, B. E., Woolley, A. R., Arps, C. E., Birch, W. D., Gilbert, M. C., Grice, J. D., Hawthorne, F. C., Kato, A., Kisch, H. J., Krivovichev, V. G., Linthout, K., Laird, J., Mandarino, J., Maresch, W. V., Nickel, E. H., Tock, N. M. S., Schumacher, J. C., Smith, D. C., Stephenson, N. C. N., … Youzhi, G. (1997). Nomenclature of amphiboles; Report of the Subcommittee on Amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association Commission on new minerals and mineral names. Mineralogical Magazine, 61(5), 295–310.
https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1997.061.405.13 - Lu, J., Griffin, W. L., Tilhac, R., Xiong, Q., Zheng, J., & O’Reilly, S. Y. (2018). Tracking deep lithospheric events with garnet-websterite xenoliths from southeastern Australia. Journal of Petrology, 59(5), 901–930.
https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egy049 - Marcel, J., Abate Essi, J. M., Nouck, P. N., Sanda, O., & Manguelle-Dicoum, E. (2018). Validation of gravity data from the geopotential field model for subsurface investigation of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (Western Africa). Earth Planets Space, 70, 42.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-018-0812-x - Marchev, P., Arai, S., & Vaselli, O. (2006). Cumulate xenoliths series in the Krumovgrad alkaline basaltic and lamprophyric dykes: Evidence for the existence of layered plutons under the Eastern Rhodope metamorphic core-complexes, Bulgaria. In Y. Dilek, & S. Pavlides (Eds.), Post-collisional tectonics and magmatism in the Eastern Mediterranean region (pp. 237–258). Geological Society of America, Special Papers no. 409.
- Matsukage, K., & Oya, M. (2010). Petrological and chemical variability of peridotite xenoliths from the Cameroon Volcanic Line, West Africa: An evidence for plume emplacement. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Science, 10(2), 57–69.
https://doi.org/10.2465/jmps.090304 - Morimoto, N., Fabriès, J., Ferguson, A. K., Ginzburg, I. V., Ross, M., Seifert, F. A., Zussman, J., Aoki, K., & Gottardi, G. (1988). Nomenclature of pyroxenes. Mineralogical Magazine, 52(367), 535–550.
https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.15 - Mulimbi Kagarabi, P., Chako-Tchamabe, B., Tamen, J., Tumba, K., Nkouathio, D. G., Ntaflos, T., Tibane, L. V., Nzolang, C., & Nguimatsia Tengomo, S. (2025). Mineralogical, petrological, and geochemical features of alkali basalts from the Dibi Area, Adamawa Plateau (Cameroon Volcanic Line). Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 13(9), 75–107.
https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2025.139005 - Niida, K., & Green, D. H. (2000). Stability and chemical composition of pargasitic amphibole in MORB pyrolite under upper mantle conditions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 135(1), 18–40.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050495 - Njombie Wagsong, M.P., Temdjim, R., & Foley, S.F. (2018). Petrology of spinel lherzolite xenoliths from Youkou volcano, Adamawa Massif, Cameroon Volcanic Line: mineralogical and geochemical fingerprints of sub-rift mantle processes. Contrib Mineral Petrol 173(2), 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-018-1438-5 - Nkouandou, O. F., Bardintzeff, J. M., Njankouo Ndassa, Z. N., Fagny Mefire, A., & Haman, A. (2022). Wehrlite xenoliths and petrogenetic implications, Hosséré Do Guessa volcano, Adamawa plateau, Cameroon. Open Geosciences, 14(1), 1075–1091.
https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2022-0408 - Nkouandou, O. F., Ngounouno, I., Déruelle, B., Ohnenstette, D., Montigny, R., & Demaiffe, D. (2008). Petrology of the Mio-Pliocene volcanism to the north and east of Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon). Comptes Rendus. Géoscience, 340(1), 28–37.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2007.10.012 - Nkouandou, O. F., & Temdjim, R. (2011). Petrology of spinel lherzolite xenoliths and host basaltic lava from Ngao Volgar volcano, Adamawa Massif (Cameroon Volcanic Line, West Africa): Equilibrium conditions and mantle characteristics. Journal of Geosciences, 56(4), 375–387.
http://doi.org/10.3190/jgeosci.108 - Nkouathio, D. G., Kagou Dongmo, A., Bardintzeff, J. M., Wandji, P., Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (2008). Evolution of volcanism in Graben and horst structures along the Cenozoic Cameroon Line (Africa): Implications for tectonic evolution and mantle source composition. Mineralogy and Petrology, 94(3), 287–303.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-008-0018-1 - Ntaflos, T., Bizimis, M., & Abart, R. (2017). Mantle xenoliths from Szentbékálla, Balaton: Geochemical and petrological constraints on the evolution of the lithospheric mantle underneath Pannonian Basin, Hungary. Lithos, 276, 30–44.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.12.018 - O'Reilly, S. Y., & Griffin, W. L. (2013). Mantle metasomatism. In D. E. Harlov & H. O. Austrheim (Eds.), Metasomatism and the chemical transformation of rock (pp. 471–533). Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences. Springer.
- Pintér, Zs, Patkó, L., Tene-Djoukam, J. F., Kovács, I., Tchouankoue, J. P., Falus, G., Konc, Z., Tommasi, A., Barou, F., Mihály, J., Németh, C., & Jeffries, T. (2015). Characterization of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle beneath the Cameroon Volcanic Line inferred from alkaline basalt hosted peridotite xenoliths from Barombi Mbo and Nyos Lakes. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 111, 170–193.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.07.006 - Poudjom-Djomani, Y. H., Diament, M., & Wilson, M. (1997). Lithospheric structure across the Adamawa Plateau (Cameroon) from gravity studies. Tectonophysics, 273(3-4), 317–327.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00280-6 - Preston, J., & Still, J. (2001). Amphibole calculation sheet v1.2 (online).
- Rieder, M., Cavazzini, G. D., Yakonov, Y., Gottardi, G., Guggenheim, S., Koval, P. V., Müller, G., Neiva, A. M. R., Radoslovich, E. W., Robert, J. L., Sassi, F. P., Takeda, H., Weiss, Z., & Wones, D. R. (1998). Nomenclature of the micas. Canadian Mineralogist, 36(2), 905–912.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1999.063.2.13 - Rogkala, A., Petrounias, P., Tsikouras, B., & Hatzipanagiotou, K. (2017). New occurrence of pyroxenites in the Veria-Naousa ophiolite (North Greece): Implications on their origin and petrogenetic evolution. Geosciences, 7(4), 92.
https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences7040092 - Selim, H. A., Asimow, P. D., Maurice, A. E., Ismail, M. A., Wilner, O. D., Dalleska, N. F., Gharib, M. E., & Mahmoud, S. A. A. (2025). Petrology and geochemistry of ophiolitic pyroxenite in the Eastern Desert of Egypt: Genesis of ultramafic cumulates and implications for Neoproterozoic supra-subduction seafloor metamorphism. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 26(3), e2024GC011686.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GC011686 - Serri, G., Hébert, R., & Hekinian, R. (1988). Petrology of a plagioclase-bearing olivine websterite from the Gorringe Bank (northeastern Atlantic Ocean). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 25(4), 557–569.
https://doi.org/10.1139/e88-054 - Smith, D. (2014). Clinopyroxene precursors to amphibole sponge in arc crust. Nature Communications, 5, 4329.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5329 - Sobolev, A. V., Hofmann, A. W., Sobolev, S. V., & Nikogosian, I. K. (2005). An olivine-free mantle source of Hawaiian shield basalts. Nature, 434(7033), 590–597.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03411 - Sui, J. L., Li, N., Fan, Q. C., & Xu, Y. G. (2014). Phlogopites and potassic melts in mantle xenoliths from Nuomin volcanic field, northern Great Xing’an Range. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 30(12), 3587–3594.
- Sun, S. S., & McDonough, W. F. (1989). Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes. In A. D. Saunders, & M. J. Norry (Eds.), Magmatism in the ocean basins (Vol. 42, pp. 313–345). Geological Society.
- Tamen, J., Nkoumbou, C., Reusser, E., & Tchoua, F. (2015). Petrology and geochmistry of mantle xenoliths from the Kapsiki Plateau (Cameroon Volcanic Line): Implications for lithospheric upwelling. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 101(12), 119–134.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.09.008 - Tedonkenfack, S. S. T., Puziewicz, J., Aulbach, S., Ntaflos, T., Kaczmarek, M. A., Matusiak-Małek, M., Kukuła, A., & Ziobro, M. (2021). Lithospheric mantle refertilization by DMM-derived melts beneath the Cameroon Volcanic Line – A case study of the Befang xenolith suite (Oku Volcanic Group, Cameroon). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 176(5), 37.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-021-01796-3 - Temdjim, R. (2012). Ultramafic xenoliths from Lake Nyos area, Cameroon Volcanic Line, West-Central Africa: Petrography, mineral chemistry, equilibrium conditions and metasomatic features. Chemie der Erde, 72(1), 39–60.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2011.07.002 - Temdjim, R., Boivin, P., Chazot, G., Robin, C., & Rouleau, E. (2004a). L’hétérogénéité du manteau supérieur à l’aplomb du volcan Nyos (Cameroun) révélée par les enclaves ultrabasiques. Comptes Rendus Geosciences, 336, 1239–1244.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2004.07.005 - Temdjim, R., Njilah, I. K., Kamgang, P., & Nkoumbou, C. (2004b). Données nouvelles sur les laves felsiques de Ngaoundéré (Adamaoua, ligne du Cameroun): chronologie K-Ar et pétrologie. African Journal of Science and Technology, 5(2), 113–123.
https://doi.org/10.4314/AJST.V5I2.15338 - Tokam, A.-P. K., Tabod, C. T., Nyblade, A. A., Julià, J., Wiens, D. A., & Pasyanos, M. E. (2010). Structure of the crust beneath Cameroon, West Africa, from the joint inversion of Rayleigh wave group velocities and receiver functions. Geophysical Journal International, 183, 1061–1076.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04776.x - Toteu, S. F., Van Schmus, W. R., Penaye, J., & Michard, A. (2001). New U–Pb and Sm–Nd data from north-central Cameroon and its bearing on the pre-Pan African history of central Africa. Precambrian Research, 108(1-2), 45–73.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00149-2 - Wandji, P., Tsafack, J. P. F., Bardintzeff, J.-M., Nkouathio, D. G., Kagou Dongmo, A., Bellon, H., & Guillou, H. (2009). Xenoliths of dunites, wehrlites and clinopyroxenite in the basanites from Batoke volcanic cone (Mount Cameroon, Central Africa): Petrogenetic implications. Mineralogy and Petrology, 96(1), 81–98.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-008-0040-3 - Wang, X., Hou, T., Wang, M., Zhang, C., Zhang, Z., Pan, R., Marxer, F., & Zhang, H. (2021). A new clinopyroxene thermobarometer for mafic to intermediate magmatic systems. European Journal of Mineralogy, 33(5), 621–637.
https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-621-2021 - Wang, Z., Sun, S., Hou, Q., & Li, J. (2001). Effect of melt-rock interaction on geochemistry in the Kudi ophiolite (western Kunlun Mountains, northwestern China): Implication for ophiolite origin. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 191(1–2), 33–48.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00400-9 - Wilson, A. H., & Chaumba, J. B. (1997). Closed system fractionation in a large magma chamber: Mineral compositions of the websterite layer and lower mafic succession of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe. Mineralogical Magazine, 61(405), 153–173.
https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1997.061.405.01 - Yang, J.-J. (2003). Relict edenite in a garnet lherzolite from the Chinese Su-Lu UHP metamorphic terrane: Implications for metamorphic history. American Mineralogist, 88(1), 180–188.
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2003-0121