Distribution of Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Papaya in Major Production Zones of Burkina Faso

Coulibaly, Kouroubi Raïssa Laëtitia; Thio, Bouma; Sondo, Moussa; Yeo, Souleymane; Sanou, Jacob; Koita, Kadidia; Fernandez, Diana

doi:10.2478/jofnem-2025-0059

Figures & Tables

Map of Burkina Faso (administrative map) indicating the sampling sites across nine regions where nematological samples were collected.

Bipartite diagram illustrating the distribution of nematode genera (down) by region (up) in Burkina Faso. A connecting line indicates the presence of a specific genus in a region. Boxes are sized according to the number of connections established.

Box plots illustrating nematode population densities (Meloidogyne spp., Rotylenchulus spp., Helicotylenchus spp., Scutellonema spp., Pratylenchus spp., and Tylenchorhynchus spp.) according to the pure papaya cultivation system, papaya–banana associations, and papaya–eggplant associations. The study was conducted during a survey/collection of soil samples from 27 plots in papaya-based cropping systems to compare the impact of each system on nematode population densities. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between groups when tested with the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by post-hoc Dunn's test (P < 0.05).

Distribution of parasitic nematodes associated with papaya according to cropping systems (pure or associated with banana or eggplant): (A) Biplot of PPN in interaction with cropping systems. (B) Hierarchical cluster analysis showing similarities between cropping systems based on nematode population densities. PPN, plant-parasitic nematode.

Distribution maps of the prevalence (A,B) and abundance (C,D) of Meloidogyne spp. root samples of 61 papaya orchards across Burkina Faso.

Distribution maps of the frequency (A,B) and abundance (C,D) of Rotylenchulus spp. in soil samples of 61 papaya orchards across Burkina Faso.

Correlation matrix between Meloidogyne sp. frequency (A) or abundance (B) and weather parameters. PREC, Precipitation; RH2M, Relative humidity at 2 m above ground; T2M, Mean air temperature at 2 m above ground; T2M_MAX, Maximum air temperature at 2 m above ground; T2M_MIN, Minimum air temperature at 2 m above ground; T2MDEW, Dew point temperature at 2 m above ground.

Correlation matrix between Rotylenchulus sp. frequency (A) or abundance (B) and weather parameters. PREC, precipitation; RH2M, relative humidity at 2 m above ground; T2M, mean air temperature at 2 m above ground; T2M_MAX, maximum air temperature at 2 m above ground; T2M_MIN, minimum air temperature at 2 m above ground; T2MDEW, dew point temperature at 2 m above ground.

Parasitic nematodes associated with papaya according to the cropping system (pure or associated to banana or eggplant)_

Nematode	Papaya	Papaya + Banana	Papaya + Eggplant	Global Average	P-value
Meloidogyne	1,247 ± 1,205	525 ± 1,226	952 ± 1,798	908	Papaya vs Banana (P = 7.17e−06)
					Papaya vs Eggplant (P = 0.000758)
Rotylenchulus	11,767 ± 17,355	4,176 ± 8,470	5,250 ± 1,2217	7,064	Papaya vs Banana (P = 3.81e−05)
					Papaya vs Eggplant (P = 2.07e−05)
Helicotylenchus	2,391 ± 1,974	546 ± 2,126	1,552 ± 671	1,496	Papaya vs Banana (P = 1.22e−06)
					Papaya vs Eggplant (P = 0.02)
Scutellonema	161 ± 153	24 ± 51	239 ± 659	141	Papaya vs Banana (P = 5.26e−08)
					Papaya vs Eggplant (P = 0.005)
Pratylenchus	184 ± 487	10 ± 33	49 ± 132	81	Papaya vs Banana (P = 2.85e−09)
					Papaya vs Eggplant (P = 9.61e−07)
Tylenchorhynchus	33 ± 64	3 ± 11	30 ± 81	22	Papaya vs Banana (P = 0.002)

Prevalence (%) and abundance (nematodes/dm3 of soil) of Rotylenchulus spp_ in 61 orchards across 9 regions in Burkina Faso_

Region	Province	Locality	Latitude	Longitude	Prevalence Roty	Abundance Roty
B. Mouhoun	Mouhoun	Badara	12.407022	−3.562287	100	18,433
B. Mouhoun	Mouhoun	Sagala1	12.39802	−3.567907	100	1,600
B. Mouhoun	Mouhoun	Sagala2	12.395486	−3.571156	100	1,567
Cascades	Comoe	Karfiguela	10.69876667	−4.817066667	100	18,927
Cascades	Comoe	Tengrela	10.68705	−4.8572	100	7,497
Cascades	Leraba	Douna1	10.6449828	−5.052942	0	0
Cascades	Leraba	Douna2	10.667974	−5.102256	33.33	20
Cascades	Leraba	Douna3	10.677187	−5.099382	33.33	20
Centre	Kadiogo	Koubri1	12.202186	−1.353772	100	10,353
Centre	Kadiogo	Koubri2	12.201433	−1.355744	66.67	1,610
Centre	Kadiogo	Pabre	12.5443	−1.5745	33.33	20
Centre	Ziniare	Loumbila1	12.487557	−1.407013	100	27,567
Centre	Ziniare	Loumbila2	12.559418	−1.337209	100	5,933
Centre	Ziniare	Noungou	12.521811	−1.41213	100	31,987
Centre-East	Boulgou	Bagre1	11.4302	−0.5124	66.67	70
Centre-East	Boulgou	Bagre2	11.4278	−0.5156	100	20
Centre-East	Boulgou	Bagre3	11.4519	−0.5143	66.67	1,840
Centre-East	Boulgou	Bega2	11.4254	−0.4695	66.67	40
Centre-West	Sanguie	Ekoulkoala1	12.297419	−2.517648	100	15,433
Centre-West	Sanguie	Ekoulkoala2	12.300701	−2.516541	66.67	2,050
Centre-West	Sanguie	Reo	12.300894	−2.479187	66.67	35,100
Centre-West	Sissili	Zo	11.099	−2.0365	66.67	20
Centre-West	Ziro	Bakata1	11.7786	−1.8372	33.33	60
Centre-West	Ziro	Bakata2	11.7792	−1.8347	100	4,413
Centre-West	Ziro	Bakata3	11.7812	−1.8273	33.33	20
Centre-South	Bazega	Dayassmnoore1	11.750413	−1.349181	100	220
Centre-South	Bazega	Dayassmnoore2	11.753409	−1.348793	100	1,847
Centre-South	Bazega	Koupela	11.7595	−1.3469	100	67
Centre-South	Bazega	Lilboure	11.739128	−1.331465	100	747
Centre-South	Bazega	Sapone-Tanghin	12.128827	−1.562903	33.33	160
Centre-South	Bazega	Timboe	11.7755	−1.3287	66.67	40
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Bama1	11.335399	−4.388538	100	5,200
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Bama2	11.366845	−4.380663	100	2,093
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Bama3	11.360086	−4.382549	100	1,847
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Bama4	11.36755	−4.379316667	100	6,853
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Bama5	11.36035	−4.382866667	100	773
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Bama6	11.36613333	−4.381	100	5,213
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Diarradougou1	11.2474	−4.4392	66.67	20
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Diarradougou10	11.31128333	−4.412	100	1,473
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Diarradougou2	11.2742	−4.4427	100	80
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Diarradougou3	11.3016	−4.429	100	2,613
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Diarradougou4	11.24376667	−4.428983333	100	640
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Diarradougou5	11.24835	−4.439516667	88.88	3,723
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Diarradougou6	11.25136667	−4.440333333	66.67	1,480
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Diarradougou7	11.25511667	−4.444816667	100	5,533
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Diarradougou8	11.2788	−4.440866667	100	207
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Diarradougou9	11.28433333	−4.440116667	100	106
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Farako-Ba1	11.095474	−4.332357	100	4,493
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Farako-Ba2	11.12648333	−4.333733333	100	843
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Farako-Ba3	11.12623333	−4.333283333	100	2,140
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Finlande	11.12623333	−4.333283333	100	1,367
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Flasso	11.12623333	−4.333283333	100	340
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Koumbadougou	11.295473	−4.627477	100	107
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Lesso	11.067135	−4.345465	100	133
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Soungalodaga1	11.305436	−4.621993	66.67	180
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Soungalodaga2	11.313764	−4.620531	100	1,213
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Soungalodaga3	11.313179	−4.618558	100	15,033
Hauts-Bassins	Tuy	Founzan	11.477695	−3.255886	100	87
South-West	Ioba	Ouessa1	11.0167	−2.8261	100	1,673
South-West	Ioba	Ouessa2	11.0142	−2.8269	66.67	110
South-West	Ioba	Ouessa3	11.0094	−2.83	0	0

Maximum density (n/dm3 of soil or n/g of roots) and frequency (%) of parasitic soil and root nematodes associated with papaya in Burkina Faso_

Family	Genus	Density	Frequency
Soil nematodes

Hoplolaimidae	Rotylenchulus	93,800	84.1
Hoplolaimidae	Helicotylenchus	9,800	84.5
Heteroderidae	Meloidogyne	7,880	68.6
Hoplolaimidae	Scutellonema	3,100	52.7
Pratylenchidae	Pratylenchus	2,600	33.3
Telotylenchidae	Tylenchorhynchus	400	14.0
Criconematidae	Criconemoïdes	60	12.1
Longidoridae	Xiphinema	40	4.3
Trichodoridae	Trichodorus	240	2.9
Telotylenchidae	Telotylenchus	40	0.48

Root nematodes

Heteroderidae	Meloidogyne	1,573	42.0
Pratylenchidae	Pratylenchus	219	13.0
Hoplolaimidae	Rotylenchulus	89	10.6
Hoplolaimidae	Helicotylenchus	25	8.2
Hoplolaimidae	Scutellonema	2	1.0

Distribution (%) of papaya varieties across nine production regions in Burkina Faso_

Region	Papaya variety
Region	Solo	FBPA1	nd.
Boucle du Mouhoun	67	0	33
Centre-South	85	0	17
Cascades	25	62	12
Centre	67	17	17
Plateau Central	67	0	33
Centre-East	75	0	25
South-West	100	0	0
Centre-West	62	0	38
High-Basins	68	26	6

Prevalence (%) and abundance (nematodes/dm3 of soil) of Meloidogyne spp_ in 61 orchards across 9 regions in Burkina Faso_

Region	Province	Locality	Latitude	Longitude	Prevalence Melo	Abundance Melo
B. Mouhoun	Mouhoun	Badara	12.407022	−3.562287	33.33	200
B. Mouhoun	Mouhoun	Sagala1	12.39802	−3.567907	33.33	60
B. Mouhoun	Mouhoun	Sagala2	12.395486	−3.571156	100	920
Cascades	Comoe	Karfiguela	10.69876667	−4.817066667	0	0
Cascades	Comoe	Tengrela	10.68705	−4.8572	83.33	358
Cascades	Leraba	Douna1	10.6449828	−5.052942	33.33	40
Cascades	Leraba	Douna2	10.667974	−5.102256	66.67	30
Cascades	Leraba	Douna3	10.677187	−5.099382	0	0
Centre	Kadiogo	Koubri1	12.202186	−1.353772	33.33	20
Centre	Kadiogo	Koubri2	12.201433	−1.355744	33.33	60
Centre	Kadiogo	Pabre	12.5443	−1.5745	0	0
Centre	Ziniare	Loumbila1	12.487557	−1.407013	33.33	200
Centre	Ziniare	Loumbila2	12.559418	−1.337209	33.33	40
Centre	Ziniare	Noungou	12.521811	−1.41213	33.33	20
Centre-East	Boulgou	Bagre1	11.4302	−0.5124	100	2,240
Centre-East	Boulgou	Bagre2	11.4278	−0.5156	66.67	1,590
Centre-East	Boulgou	Bagre3	11.4519	−0.5143	33.33	20
Centre-East	Boulgou	Bega2	11.4254	−0.4695	0	0
Centre-South	Bazega	Dayassmnoore1	11.750413	−1.349181	66.67	20
Centre-South	Bazega	Dayassmnoore2	11.753409	−1.348793	66.67	30
Centre-South	Bazega	Koupela	11.7595	−1.3469	0	0
Centre-South	Bazega	Lilboure	11.739128	−1.331465	66.67	50
Centre-South	Bazega	SaponeTanghin	12.128827	−1.562903	33.33	40
Centre-South	Bazega	Timboe	11.7755	−1.3287	100	900
Centre-West	Sanguie	Ekoulkoala1	12.297419	−2.517648	100	2,133
Centre-West	Sanguie	Ekoulkoala2	12.300701	−2.516541	66.67	700
Centre-West	Sanguie	Reo	12.300894	−2.479187	66.67	250
Centre-West	Sissili	Zo	11.099	−2.0365	100	1,587
Centre-West	Ziro	Bakata1	11.7786	−1.8372	33.33	20
Centre-West	Ziro	Bakata2	11.7792	−1.8347	100	720
Centre-West	Ziro	Bakata3	11.7812	−1.8273	66.67	950
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Bama1	11.335399	−4.388538	100	153
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Bama2	11.366845	−4.380663	100	60
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Bama3	11.360086	−4.382549	66.67	1,100
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Bama4	11.36755	−4.379316667	100	147
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Bama5	11.36035	−4.382866667	100	353
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Bama6	11.36613333	−4.381	100	1,040
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Diarradougou1	11.2474	−4.4392	100	320
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Diarradougou10	11.31128333	−4.412	100	420
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Diarradougou2	11.2742	−4.4427	100	3,940
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Diarradougou3	11.3016	−4.429	100	1,660
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Diarradougou4	11.24376667	−4.428983333	100	493
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Diarradougou5	11.24835	−4.439516667	66.67	970
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Diarradougou6	11.25136667	−4.440333333	66.67	100
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Diarradougou7	11.25511667	−4.444816667	83.33	432
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Diarradougou8	11.2788	−4.440866667	33.33	20
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Diarradougou9	11.28433333	−4.440116667	100	27
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Farako-Ba1	11.095474	−4.332357	100	347
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Farako-Ba2	11.12648333	−4.333733333	100	423
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Farako-Ba3	11.12623333	−4.333283333	100	267
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Finlande	11.12623333	−4.333283333	100	473
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Flasso	11.12623333	−4.333283333	66.67	220
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Koumbadougou	11.295473	−4.627477	100	133
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Lesso	11.067135	−4.345465	66.67	20
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Soungalodaga1	11.305436	−4.621993	33.33	320
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Soungalodaga2	11.313764	−4.620531	33.33	20
Hauts-Bassins	Houet	Soungalodaga3	11.313179	−4.618558	33.33	480
Hauts-Bassins	Tuy	Founzan	11.477695	−3.255886	100	333
South-West	Ioba	Ouessa1	11.0167	−2.8261	100	2,247
South-West	Ioba	Ouessa2	11.0142	−2.8269	100	1,907
South-West	Ioba	Ouessa3	11.0094	−2.83	66.67	60

Distribution of Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Papaya in Major Production Zones of Burkina Faso

Figures & Tables

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Figure S2:

Parasitic nematodes associated with papaya according to the cropping system (pure or associated to banana or eggplant)_

Prevalence (%) and abundance (nematodes/dm3 of soil) of Rotylenchulus spp_ in 61 orchards across 9 regions in Burkina Faso_

Maximum density (n/dm3 of soil or n/g of roots) and frequency (%) of parasitic soil and root nematodes associated with papaya in Burkina Faso_

Distribution (%) of papaya varieties across nine production regions in Burkina Faso_

Prevalence (%) and abundance (nematodes/dm3 of soil) of Meloidogyne spp_ in 61 orchards across 9 regions in Burkina Faso_

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