Application of Ultrasonic or Microwave Radiation to Delay Crystallization and Liquefy Solid Honey

Figures & Tables

Lime honey	Moisture content (%)	pH	Enzyme activity				Antioxidant activity		HMF (mg/kg)

			Diastase number (DN)	α-GLU (U/g)	β-GAL (U/g)	α-MAN (U/g)	DPPH (%)	TPC (mg GAE/kg)
Control (Raw)	17.6±0.04^a	3.8±0.03^a	25.69±2.16^a	0.36±0.006^a	1.81±0.09^a	0.35±0.013^a	31.79±1.96^a	411.64±14.10^a	0.08±0.032^a

1^st treatment: fixation of fresh liquid honey

U5	17.6±0.03^a	3.8±0.02^a	23.22±2.20^b	0.14±0.007^b	1.57±0.04^b	0.29±0.018^b	30.62±1.52^b	432.43±14.56^b	1.07±0.020^b
U20	17.8±0.02^b	3.8±0.01^a	25.31±1.56^a	0.35±0.008^a	1.82±0.07^a	0.34±0.022^a	32.91±1.14^a	409.00±12.10^a	1.75±0.025^c
M	17.8±0.02^b	3.8±0.01^a	22.78±1.30^b	0.36±0.009^a	1.86±0.23^a	0.33±0.031^c	27.20±1.06^c	410.81±14.20^a	0.91±0.010^b
Control (Stored)	17.4±0.05^a	3.8±0.01^a	25.22±2.15^a	0.36±0.006^a	1.79±0.08^ab	0.34±0.020^a	31.62±1.23^a	410.81±12.50^a	0.08±0.032^a

2^nd treatment: liquefaction of crystallized honey

U5^*	18.1±0.01^c	3.6±0.02^b	16.90±1.45^c	0.10±0.001^c	1.38±0.09^c	0.11±0.010^d	29.81±1.46^d	605.40±19.45^c	1.85±0.017^d
U20^*	17.8±0.06^b	3.6±0.02^b	23.02±3.14^b	0.29±0.004^d	1.74±0.13^ab	0.29±0.019^b	33.67±1.89^e	659.45±28.70^e	2.76±0.092^e
M^*	18.0±0.08^b	3.7±0.03^c	22.97±3.19^b	0.29±0.006^d	0.98±0.08^d	0.33±0.015^c	31.69±2.13^a	621.62±26.45^d	1.01±0.063^b

Multifloral honey	Moisture content (%)	pH	Enzyme activity				Antioxidant activity		HMF (mg/kg)

			Diastase number (DN)	α-GLU (U/g)	β-GAL (U/g)	α-MAN (U/g)	DPPH (%)	TPC (mg GAE/kg)
Control (Raw)	18.8±0.06^a	3.5±0.05^a	26.04±1.46^a	0.29±0.002^a	0.82±0.017^a	0.38±0.023^a	21.19±2.16^a	288.28±14.4^a	0.67±0.052^a

1^st treatment: fixation of fresh liquid honey

U5	18.8±0.05^a	3.6±0.06^b	19.16±2.03^b	0.09±0.001^b	0.72±0.016^b	0.25±0.030^b	21.98±2.16^b	277.47±10.0^b	1.31±0.023^b
U20	18.7±0.02^b	3.7±0.05^c	19.39±1.04^b	0.23±0.006^c	0.70±0.002^b	0.36±0.014^c	21.98±1.89^b	268.46±13.0^c	2.22±0.045^c
M	18.7±0.05^b	3.6±0.08^b	23.86±1.47^c	0.24±0.005^c	0.71±0.010^b	0.34±0.026^d	22.54±2.23^c	264.82±10.10^d	0.99±0.056^d
Control (Stored)	18.8±0.05^a	3.5±0.02^a	26.04±2.12^a	0.24±0.007^c	0.76±0.006^c	0.35±0.016^d	21.59±1.46^b	288.28±11.30^a	0.67±0.022^a

2^nd treatment: liquefaction of crystallized honey

U5^*	18.0±0.06^a	3.5±0.01^a	17.24±1.13^d	0.07±0.003^b	0.34±0.006^d	0.12±0.014^e	22.75±1.47^c	500.90±17.60^e	1.49±0.016^e
U20^*	18.2±0.05^b	3.5±0.01^a	19.16±1.05^b	0.15±0.007^d	0.37±0.005^e	0.15±0.012^e	24.35±2.16^d	469.46±16.45^f	2.24±0.022^f
M^*	18.2±0.05^b	3.5±0.01^a	8.5±1.01^e	0.16±0.009^d	0.31±0.009^d,^e	0.16±0.016^e	25.91±1.89^e	450.45±13.30^g	1.04±0.030^d

Variety	Control (C)	Microwave (M)	Ultrasounds 5 min (U5)	Ultrasounds 20 min (U20)
Acacia	Semisolid, crystals throughout the sample	Liquid with crystallization process started	Liquid, fine crystals	Liquid with crystallization process started
Multifloral	Total crystallization with clusters of coarse crystals	Visible few clusters of coarse crystals	All liquid volume	Advanced crystallization process, coarse crystals
Lime	Solid, thick crystals	Liquid with thick crystals	Solid with thick crystals suspended in the whole sample	Completely crystallized, fine-grained crystals

Acacia honey	Moisture content (%)	pH	Enzyme activity				Antioxidant activity		HMF (mg/kg)

			Diastase number (DN)	α-GLU (U/g)	β-GAL (U/g)	α-MAN (U/g)	DPPH (%)	TPC (mg GAE/kg)
Control (Raw)	18.1±0.05^a	3.3±0.01^a	23.28±1.12^a	0.20±0.008^a	0.39±0.003^a	0.13±0.002^a	10.52±1.56^a	225.86±125^a	0.57±0.026^a

1^st treatment: fixation of fresh liquid honey

U5	18.0±0.05^a	3.3±0.01^a	21.68±1.01^b	0.08±0.004^b	0.36±0.006^b	0.13±0.004^a	13.82±1.92^b	225.82±10.2^a	1.35±0.039^b
U20	18.4±0.03^b	3.3±0.02^a	23.18±1.32^c	0.20±0.006^a	0.39±0.004^a	0.14±0.013^a	15.50±1.06^c	228.25±11.9^b	1.76±0.057^b
M	18.2±0.02^c	3.3±0.01^a	16.47±1.38^d	0.20±0.007^a	0.37±0.003^ab	0.15±0.042^a	13.22±1.46^b	227.02±9.2^b	1.10±0.009^d
Control (Stored)	18.1±0.05^ac	3.3±0.01^a	23.36±2.21^a	0.20±0.003^a	0.35±0.007^b	0.14±0.030^a	10.69±1.70^a	225.86±13.6^a	0.57±0.015^a

2^nd treatment: liquefaction of crystallized honey

U5^*	18.0±0.03^a	3.3±0.01^a	18.79±1.45^e	0.07±0.001^b	0.34±0.006^b	0.12±0.016^a	15.22±1.03^c	368.00±12.2^c	1.48±0.015^e
U20^*	18.2±0.02^c	3.3±0.02^a	16.31±1.06^f	0.15±0.004^c	0.37±0.003^ab	0.15±0.014^a	15.72±1.12^c	369.36±12.3^c	1.79±0.025^c
M^*	18.2±0.05^c	3.3±0.01^a	14.14±1.56^g	0.16±0.006^d	0.31±0.009^c	0.16±0.013^a	14.76±1.16^c	362.16±12.^c	1.12±0.010^d