Table 1
Characteristics of the participant families (N = 37).
| Characteristic | Description |
|---|---|
| Number of families | 37 |
| Location | Arad County (urban and rural) |
| Sampling method | Purposive sampling |
| Participation criteria | Active involvement in outdoor educational programs and consent for interviews/surveys |
Source: Author's contribution.
Table 2
Differences in resilience dimensions and parenting practices before and after outdoor learning intervention (N = 37).
| Variable | Pre-intervention mean value | Pre-intervention SD | Post-intervention mean value | Post-intervention SD | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sense of mastery | 2.9 | 0.6 | 3.4 | 0.5 | 4.21 | 0.0001 |
| Relatedness | 3.1 | 0.7 | 3.7 | 0.6 | 4.55 | 5 × 10−5 |
| Emotional reactivity | 2.5 | 0.8 | 3.2 | 0.7 | 3.98 | 0.0002 |
| Warmth (parenting) | 3.0 | 0.7 | 3.6 | 0.5 | 4.7 | 1 × 10−5 |
| Control (parenting) | 2.8 | 0.8 | 3.1 | 0.7 | 3.15 | 0.003 |
| Autonomy support | 2.7 | 0.9 | 3.5 | 0.6 | 5.02 | 1 × 10−5 |
Source: Author's contribution.
Figure 1
Changes in resilience and parenting indicators pre- and post-intervention.
Source: Author's contribution.
Figure 2
The impact of outdoor education on resilience and parenting practices among the 37 families from Arad County.
Source: Author's contribution.
Figure 3
Improvements in resilience indicators and parenting practices following outdoor education intervention (N = 37).
Source: Author's contribution.
Figure 4
Improvement in resilience and parenting practices post-program among the participant families.
Source: Author's contribution.
Table 3
Pre- and post-intervention mean values for resilience and parenting domains (N = 37).
| Domain | Pre-intervention mean value | Post-intervention mean value |
|---|---|---|
| Emotional regulation | 2.5 | 3.2 |
| Problem-solving skills | 2.9 | 3.4 |
| Supportive parenting | 3.0 | 3.6 |
| Adaptive parenting | 2.8 | 3.5 |
Source: Author's contribution.
Table 4
t-test results.
| Indicator | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| Emotional regulation | 44.08 | 6.33 × 10⁻33 |
| Problem-solving skills | 38.53 | 7.31 × 10⁻31 |
| Supportive parenting | 38.35 | 8.62 × 10⁻31 |
| Adaptive parenting | 36.87 | 3.42 × 10⁻30 |
Source: Author's contribution.
Figure 5
Conceptual framework linking outdoor education to improvements in resilience and positive parenting.
Source: Author's contribution.
Figure 6
Study limitations and proposed directions for future research.
Source: Author's contribution.