Figure 1.
Maximum and minimum temperatures and relative humidity recorded in the experimental greenhouse during the trial.
Table 1.
Composition of the HNSs used in the experiment (mmol ⋅L−1).
| N6P2K6 | N12P2K6 | N6P4K12 | N12P4K12 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 6.0 | 12.0 | 6.0 | 12.0 |
| P | 2.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
| K | 6.0 | 6.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 |
| Ca | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
| Mg | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
Table 2.
Influence of harvest time (first and second) and HNSs on the growth parameters of basil cultivated in NGS®.
| Nutrient solutions | First harvest | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yield (g · m−2) | LFW (g · plant−1) | LDG (g · plant−1 · day−1) | DM (%) | |
| N6 P2K6 | 639.33 ± 15.56 b | 15.98 ± 0.39 b | 0.333 ± 0.01 b | 10.93 ± 0.21 b |
| N12 P2K6 | 1123.91 ± 73.23 a | 28.10 ± 1.06 a | 0.308 ± 0.01 b | 10.42 ± 0.25 b |
| N6 P4K12 | 591.93 ± 21.02 b | 14.80 ± 0.53 b | 0.585 ± 0.02 a | 10.41 ± 0.12 b |
| N12 P4K12 | 590.91 ± 14.39 b | 14.77 ± 0.36 b | 0.308 ± 0.01 b | 12.49 ± 0.25 a |
| Second harvest | ||||
| N6 P2K6 | 519.85 ± 13.32 a | 13.00 ± 0.33 a | 0.317 ± 0.00 a | 10.57 ± 0.14 b |
| N12 P2K6 | 81.00 ± 18.86 c | 2.03 ± 0.43 c | 0.049 ± 0.00 c | 13.99 ± 0.60 a |
| N6 P4K12 | 240.09 ± 8.82 b | 6.00 ± 0.25 b | 0.146 ± 0.01 b | 10.56 ± 0.26 b |
| Significance | ||||
| Nutrient solution | NS | NS | *** | ** |
| Harvest time | *** | *** | *** | *** |
| Harvest time × nutrient solution | * | *** | *** | *** |
1 N6: 6 mmol · L−1; N12: 12 mmol · L−1; P2: 2 mmol · L−1; P4: 4 mmol · L−1; K6: 6 mmol · L−1 and K12: 12 mmol · L−1. Values are means of three replicates. Means followed by different letters in the same column for the same factor are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) according to the LSD test. Asterisks indicate significant differences at *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01 and ***p ≤ *0.001. Values are the mean of replicates ± SE.
Table 3.
Influence of harvest time (first and second) and HNSs on the nutrient content of basil cultivated in NGS®.
| Nutrient solutions | First harvest | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| NO3− | CaCO3 | PO43− | |
| (mg · g−1 FW) | (mg · kg−1 FW) | ||
| N6 P2K6 | 86.67 ± 6.96 c | 0.84 ± 0.08 a | 0.95 ± 0.06 a |
| N12 P2K6 | 562.67 ± 16.22 a | 0.60 ± 0.08 a | 0.56 ± 0.10 b |
| N6 P4K12 | 57.33 ± 6.66 c | 0.59 ± 0.22 a | 0.74 ± 0.15 ab |
| N12 P4K12 | 274.67 ± 19.64 b | 0.67 ± 0.06 a | 0.91 ± 0.10 ab |
| Second harvest | |||
| N6 P2K6 | 552 ± 30.61 b | 0.49 ± 0.08 b | 0.71 ± 0.05 b |
| N12 P2K6 | 2272 ± 196.01 a | 1.34 ± 0.27 a | 1.03 ± 0.05 a |
| N6 P4K12 | 588 ± 42.11 b | 0.26 ± 0.03 b | 0.81 ± 0.13 ab |
| Significance | |||
| Nutrient solution | *** | *** | * |
| Harvest time | ** | NS | * |
| Harvest time × nutrient solution | ** | ** | *** |
1 N6: 6 mmol · L−1; N12: 12 mmol · L−1; P2: 2 mmol · L−1; P4: 4 mmol · L−1; K6: 6 mmol · L−1 and K12: 12 mmol · L−1. Values are means of three replicates. Means followed by different letters in the same column for the same factor are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) according to the LSD test. Asterisks indicate significant differences at *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01 and ***p ≤ 0.001; Values are the mean of replicates ± SE.
Table 4.
Influence of harvest time (first and second) and HNSs on the microbial contamination of basil cultivated in NGS®.
| Nutrient solutions | First harvest | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| TBC | MC | TYC | |
| (CFU · g−1 FW) | |||
| N6 P2K6 | 1.65 × 101 ± 0.93 a | 1.60 × 101 ± 0.23 bc | 0.11 × 101 ± 0.09 a |
| N12 P2K6 | 1.89 × 101 ± 0.93a | 1.41 × 101 ± 0.53 c | 3.0 × 10−1 ± 0.03 b |
| N6 P4K12 | 2.59 × 101 ± 2.84 a | 1.84 × 101 ± 1.85 b | 3.0 × 10−1 ± 0.02 b |
| N12 P4K12 | 2.24 × 101 ± 2.43 a | 2.22 × 101 ± 0.37 a | 3.0 × 10−1 ± 0.02 b |
| Second harvest | |||
| N6 P2K6 | 8.13 × 101 ± 9.61 a | 2.77 × 103 ± 288.05 a | 1.40 × 102 ± 16.74 a |
| N12 P2K6 | 1.13 × 102 ± 19.64 a | 1.19 × 103 ± 141.63 b | 7.07 × 101 ± 14.66 a |
| N6 P4K12 | 5.87 × 101 ± 2.66 a | 8.80 × 102 ± 87.17 b | 2.13 × 101 ± 1.33 b |
| Significance | |||
| Nutrient solution | NS | ** | *** |
| Harvest time | NS | ** | ** |
| Harvest time × nutrient solution | NS | * | * |
1 N6: 6 mmol · L−1; N12: 12 mmol · L−1; P2: 2 mmol · L−1; P4: 4 mmol · L−1; K6: 6 mmol · L−1 and K12: 12 mmol · L−1. Values are means of three replicates. Means followed by different letters in the same column for the same factor are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) according to the LSD test. Asterisks indicate significant differences at *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01 and ***p ≤ 0.001. Values are the mean of replicates ± SE.
Table 5.
Influence of harvest time (first and second) and HNSs on the EOs composition of basil cultivated in NGS®.
| Compounds (%) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First harvest | ||||||||||||
| Nutrient solutions | Eucalyptol | Linalool | Camphor | Borneol | α-Terpineol | Bornyl acetate | Eugenol | β-Elemene | (E)-α-Bergamotene | Germacrene-D | γ-Cadinene | α-Cadinol |
| N6P2K6 | 10.58 ± 1.14 b | 35.77 ± 3.52 a | 0.82 ± 0.01 a | - | 1.17 ±0.00 a | 4.39 ± 0.51 b | 5.41 ± 1.44 ab | 0.40 ± 0.10 a | 25.72 ± 0.30 b | 3.70 ± 0.48 a | 4.35 ± 0.19 a | 7.69 ± 0.57 c |
| N12P2K6 | 8.29 ± 0.10 b | 22.57 ±6.02 ab | 0.43 ± 0.02 b | - | 1.01 ±0.26 a | 4.11 ± 1.08 b | 3.00 ± 0.84 ab | 0.50 ±0.20 a | 31.53 ± 2.61 ab | 5.61 ± 1.04 a | 6.74 ± 2.12 a | 16.22 ±0.26 a |
| N6P4K12 | 14.91 ± 1.49 a | 32.43 ± 1.71 a | 0.93 ±0.16 a | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 1.47 ±0.28 a | 4.52 ± 0.18 b | 6.39 ± 0.81 a | 0.80 ± 0.04 a | 23.54 ± 2.70 b | 3.75 ± 0.40 a | 3.92 ±0.38 a | 7.12 ± 0.96 c |
| N12P4K12 | 10.18 ± 021 b | 14.32 ± 3.57 b | 0.45 ± 0.05 b | - | O.87± 0.13 a | 7.73 ± 0.60 a | 1.73 ± 0.27 b | 0.37 ± 0.07 a | 41.99 ± 5.45 a | 4.32 ± 0.27 a | 6.74 ± 1.20 a | 11.29 ± 1.23 b |
| Second harvest | ||||||||||||
| N6P2K6 | - | 12.31 ± 1.92 b | 0.07 ± 0.07 b | 0.56 ± 0.07 b | 2.25 ± 0.63 b | 1.25 ±0.22 a | 35.86 ± 3.93 b | 0.24 ± 0.24 | 16.17 ± 0.77 a | 3.13 ±0.08 a | 5.50 ±0.18 a | 22.72 ± 8.52 a |
| N6P4K12 | 1.75 ± 0.24 | 33.91 ± 10.25 a | 1.25 ±0.62 a | 1.76 ± 0.70 a | 5.89 ± 1.87 a | 0.36 ± 0.36 b | 49.08 ±9.89 a | - | 1.38 ± 1.28 b | 0.25 ± 0.25 b | 0.40 ± 0.25 b | 3.89 ± 3.06 b |
| Cultivated in soil (%) | 2.38 | 24.68 | 0.56 | 2.48 | 1.81 | 1.57 | 15.19 | 1.11 | 1.06 | 1.56 | 2.39 | 9.88 |