Examining academicians’ COVID-19 anxiety and digitalisation in terms of different variables

Karakuş, Gülçin

Examining academicians’ COVID-19 anxiety and digitalisation in terms of different variables

European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning

Volume 24 (2022): Issue 1 (October 2022)

By:

Gülçin Karakuş

Open Access

|Jan 2023

Figures & Tables

Tukey test results of Academicians’ COVID-19 Anxiety Scale regarding status variable

Status	Experience (years)	Mean difference	p
Professor	2	−1.30	0.731
	3	−1.78	0.457
	4	−6.60*	0.003
Assistant Professor	1	1.30	0.731
	3	−.48	0.974
	4	−5.30*	0.018
Research Associate	1	1.78	0.457
	2	.48	0.974
	4	−4.82*	0.033
Research Assistant	1	6.60*	0.003
	2	5.30*	0.018
	3	4.82*	0.033

One-way ANOVA test results of Academicians’ COVID-19 Anxiety Scale regarding status variable

	Status	N	X̄	SD	F	p	Significant difference
COVID-19 Anxiety Scale	Professor	25	14.96	4.82	4.45	0.006	4 > 1
	Assistant Professor	31	16.26	3.99			4 > 2
	Research Associate	38	16.73	5.41			4 > 3
	Research Assistant	9	21.55	2.46

Mann–Whitney U test results of Academicians’ Digitalisation Scale regarding gender variable

	Gender	N	Mean rank	Sum of rank	U	p
Technology Usage in Education	Female	52	47.72	2,481.50	1,103,500	0.135
Technology Usage in Education	Male	51	56.36	2,874.50
Technology usage and professional development	Female	52	60.13	3,126.50	903,500	0.005
Technology usage and professional development	Male	51	43.72	2,229.50
Technology Usage in Social Life	Female	52	52.81	2,746.00	1,284,000	0.780
Technology Usage in Social Life	Male	51	51.18	2,610.00
Total	Female	52	55.39	2,880.50	1,149,500	0.244
Total	Male	51	48.54	2,475.50

Independent sample t-test results of Technology Usage in Social Life Sub-Dimension (Academicians’ Digitalisation Scale) regarding field variable

Field	N	X̄	SD	df	t	P
Social Sciences	57	13.9123	3.08	101	1.017	0.311
Science	46	14.500	2.68

Kruskal–Wallis test analysis results of Academicians’ COVID-19 Anxiety Scale regarding experience variable

	Experience (years)	N	Rank	df	Chi-square	p
COVID-19 Anxiety Scale	0–5	4	72.50	3	12.53	0.006
	6–10	15	73.13
	11–15	24	52.31
	≥16	60	45.23

Kruskal–Wallis test results of Technology Usage in Education Sub-Dimension (Academicians’ Digitalisation Scale) regarding status variable

	Status	N	Rank	df	Chi-square	p
Technology Usage in Education	Professor	25	48.42	3	1,138	0.768
	Assistant Professor	31	50.13
	Research Associate	38	55.80
	Research Assistant	9	52.33

Independent sample t-test results of academicians’ COVID-19 anxiety scale regarding gender variable

Gender	N	X̄	SD	df	t	p
Female	52	17.94	4.94	101	2.941	0.004*
Male	51	15.19	4.52

Descriptive characteristics of academicians participating in this study

	F	%
Gender
Female	52	50
Male	51	49
Field
Social Sciences	57	55
Science	46	45
Experience (years)
0–5	4	4
6–10	15	15
11–15	24	23
≥16	60	58
Status
Professor	25	24
Associate Professor	31	30
Research Associate	38	36
Research Assistant	9	8

COVID-19 Anxiety Scale and Academicians’ Digitalisation Scale normality test results

Scale	Variable	Shapiro–Wilks test
COVID-19 Anxiety Scale	Gender*	Female—0.052
	Gender*	Male—0.129
	Field*	Social Science—0.191
	Field*	Science—0.173
	Status*	Professor—0.282
		Associate Professor—0.241
		Research Associate—0.443
		Research Assistant—0.055
	Experience (years)	0–5—0.024
		6–10—0.034
		11–15—0.045
		≥16—0.484

Technology Usage in Education	Gender	Female—0.000
	Gender	Male—0.000
	Field	Social Science—0.000
	Field	Science—0.000
	Status	Professor—0.000
		Associate Professor—0.012
		Research Associate—0.000
		Research Assistant—0.107
	Experience (years)	0–5—0.024
		6–10—0.001
		11–15—0.003
		≥16—0.000

Technology and Professional Development	Gender	Female—0.029
	Gender	Male—0.016
	Field	Social Science—0.000
	Field	Science—0.219
	Status*	Professor—0.381
		Associate Professor—0.051
		Research Associate—0.054
		Research Assistant—0.074
	Experience (years)	0–5—0.024
		6–10—0.109
		11–15—0.046
		≥16—0.001

Technology Usage in Social Life	Gender	Female—0.089
	Gender	Male—0.012
	Field*	Social Science—0.079
	Field*	Science—0.148
	Status*	Professor—0.097
		Associate Professor—0.303
		Research Associate—0.257
		Research Assistant—0.122
	Experience (years)	0–5—0.024
		6–10—0.233
		11–15—0.001
		≥16—0.012

Academicians’ Digitalisation Scale	Gender	Female—0.000
	Gender	Male—0.001
	Field	Social Science—0.000
		Science—0.036
		Professor—0.004
	Status	Associate Professor—0.484
		Research Associate—0.005
		Research Assistant—0.004
	Experience (years)	0–5—0.024
		6–10—0.015
		11–15—0.009
		≥16—0.001

Relationship between Academicians’ Digitalisation and COVID-19 Anxiety Scales

Spearman's rho	Academicians’ Digitalisation Scale		COVID-19 Anxiety Scale
Academicians’ Digitalisation Scale	Correlation coefficient	1,000	−100
	Sig. (two-tailed)		0.313
	N	103	103
COVID-19 Anxiety Scale	Correlation coefficient	−100	1,000
	Sig. (two-tailed)	313	.
	N	103	103

Independent sample t-test results of Academicians’ COVID-19 Anxiety Scale regarding field variable

Field	N	X̄	SD	df	t	p
Social Sciences	57	17.28	4.44	101	1.618	0.109*
Science	46	15.71	5.36

Kruskal–Wallis test results of Academicians Digitalisation Scale regarding experience variable

	Experience (years)	N	Rank	df	Chi-square	p	Significant difference
Technology Usage in Education	0–5	4	49.00	3	1,439	0.696
	6–10	15	43.90
	11–15	24	54.04
	≥16	60	53.41
Technology Usage and Professional Development	0–5	4	85.75	3	12,293	0.006	1 > 4
	6–10	15	54.40
	11–15	24	63.17
	≥16	60	44.68
Technology Usage in Social Life	0–5	4	56.00	3	1,147	0.766
	6–10	15	57.03
	11–15	24	47.19
	≥16	60	52.40
Total	0–5	4	67.75	3	2,852	0.415
	6–10	15	52.70
	11–15	24	57.75
	≥16	60	48.48

One-way ANOVA test results of Technology Usage and Professional Development and Technology Usage in Social Life Sub-Dimension (Academicians’ Digitalisation Scale) regarding status variable

	Status	N	X̄	SD	F	p	Significant difference
Technology Usage and Professional Development	Professor	25	14.7600	3.17910	3	0.641
	Assistant Professor	31	13.9355	2.98815
	Research Associate	38	13.8684	2.97894
	Research Assistant	9	14.6667	1.22474
Technology Usage in Social Life	Professor	25	15.8000	3.06866	3	0.024	3 > 2
	Assistant Professor	31	14.0968	3.24915
	Research Associate	38	16.3947	4.08385
	Research Assistant	9	17.4444	3.64387

Mann–Whitney U test results of Technology Usage and Professional Development Sub-Dimension and total scores of scale (Academicians’ Digitalisation Scale) regarding field variable

	Field	N	Mean rank	Sum of rank	U	p
Technology Usage in Education	Social Sciences	57	48.39	2,758.00	1,070,500	0.164
Technology Usage in Education	Science	46	56.48	2,598.00
Technology Usage and Professional Development	Social Sciences	57	47.78	2,723.50	1,105,000	0.109
Technology Usage and Professional Development	Science	46	57.23	2,632.50
Total	Social Sciences	57	46.77	2,666.00	1,013,000	0.048
Total	Science	46	58.48	2,690.00