Table 1:
Physical characteristics of asphalt binder
| Test | Test condition | ASTM Designation | Units | Test result | SCRB Specification Limits |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Penetration | 100 [g], 25[ºC], 5 [sec] | D5 | 0.1 mm | 43.5 | 40–50 |
| Specific Gravity | 25 [ºC] | D-70 | [-] | 1.04 | _______ |
| Ductility | 25 [ºC], 5 [cm/min] | D-113 | cm | 140 | >100 |
| Flashpoint | _______ | D-92 | ºC | 295 | ≥232 |
| Softening Point (Ring & Ball) | 5 [ºC/min] | D-36 | ºC | 51 | _______ |
Figure 1:
Aggregate selected graduation
Table 2:
Physical Properties of aggregate
| Property | Units | Al-Nibaie aggregate | SCRB Properties limitations (2003) | ASTM standards | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coarse Aggregate | Fine Aggregate | ||||
| Bulk specific gravity | [-] | 2.557 | 2.622 | N/A | (ASTMC127 and C128) |
| Apparent specific gravity | [-] | 2.604 | 2.679 | N/A | (ASTM C127 and C128) |
| Los Angles Abrasion | [%] | 19 | ---------- | Max. 30, Wearing, Max. 35, Binder | (ASTM C131) |
| Water absorption | [%] | 0.389 | 0.675 | N/A | (ASTM C127 and C128) |
| Sand equivalent | [%] | ----------- | 57 | Min. 45 | (AASHTO T176) |
Table 3:
Mineral filler physical characteristics
| Property | Units | ASTM Designation | Result | Limits |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulk Specific Gravity | [-] | ASTM D854 | 3.15 | ≥ 2.6 |
| Passing Sieve (No.200) | [%] | ASTM C117 | 97 | ≥ 90 |
Table 4:
Emulsified Asphalt Test Specifications Results
| Property | Units | Result | AASHTO M-208-2013 Limit | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Viscosity, Saybolt-Furol at 25 [◦C] | s | 54 | 20–100 | |
| Particle charge test | [-] | Positive | Positive | |
| Sieve test | [%] | 0.052 | Max 0.1 | |
| Distillation test | Oil distillate (by volume) | [%] | ---------- | ---------- |
| Residue | [%] | 60.1 | Min 57 | |
| Tests on residue from distillation | Penetration, 25 [◦C] | 0.1 mm | 45.3 | 40–90 |
| Ductility, 25 [◦C] | [cm] | 42 | Min 40 | |
| Solubility in trichloroethylene | [%] | 98.4 | Min 97.5 | |
Figure 2:
Nonwoven Polypropylene Geotextile paving fabric used in this study
Table 5:
Geotextile reinforcement’s properties (as supplied by the manufacturer)
| Property | Test method | Units | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mechanical properties | |||
| Grab Strength - MD | ASTM D 4632 | [N] | 750 |
| Grab Strength - CD | [N] | 750 | |
| Grab Elongation - MD | [%] | 40 | |
| Grab Elongation - CD | [%] | 55 | |
| Trapezoidal Tear strength - MD | ASTM D 4533 | [N] | 290 |
| Trapezoidal Tear Strength - CD | [N] | 290 | |
| Index Puncture Resistance | ASTM D 4833 | [N] | 320 |
| CBR Puncture Resistance | ASTM D 6241 | [kN] | 1.60 |
| UV Resistance after 500 h | ASTM D 4355 | [%] | 70 |
| Physical properties | |||
| Thickness under 2 kPa | ASTM D 5199 | [mm] | 1.40 |
| Weight | ASTM D 5261 | [g/m2] | 140 |
| Hydraulic properties | |||
| Permeability | ASTM D 4491 | [m/s] | 102 × 10−3 |
| Water Flow normal to the plane | ASTM D 4491 | [L/(m2.s)] | 102 |
| Apparent Opening Size | ASTM D 4751 | [mm] | 115 |
Figure 3:
Flow diagram of the experimental procedure
Figure 4:
Marshall specimens testing
Figure 5:
Marshall outputs of Binder Layer
Figure 6:
Marshall outputs of Wearing Layer
Table 6:
The process of specimens molding and compaction
| # | HMA Sample | Molding and Compaction Procedure (Layer Thickness [mm]) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Only tack coat (unreinforced) | 60 lower layer + tack coat + 40 upper layer = 100 total thickness |
| 2 | Tack coat and geotextile reinforced (100%) | 60 lower layer + tack coat +geotextile cover 100% of the surface area + 40 upper layer = 100 total thickness |
| 3 | Tack coat and geotextile reinforced (50%) | 60 lower layer + tack coat +geotextile cover 50% of the surface area + 40 upper layer = 100 total thickness |
Figure 7:
preparation process of double-layered samples
Figure 8:
preparation process of slabs
Figure 9:
Components of the interlayer shear strength testing apparatus
Figure 10:
ISS test specimens
Figure 11:
Wheel Track test
Figure 12:
ISS under varying tack coat application rates and geotextile coverage conditions
Figure 13:
Final rut depth at various rates of tack coat application and geotextile coverage conditions