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        <title>Civil and Environmental Engineering Feed</title>
        <link>https://reference-global.com/journal/CEE</link>
        <description>Reference Global RSS Feed for Civil and Environmental Engineering</description>
        <lastBuildDate>Mon, 19 Oct 2026 23:03:18 GMT</lastBuildDate>
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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, University of Žilina</copyright>
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            <title><![CDATA[Sustainable Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Recycled Waste Glass: Influence of Particle Size and Replacement Levels on Performance]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/cee-2027-0025</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 17 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The incorporation of recycled waste glass into lightweight self-compacting concrete (LWSCC) has developed as a sustainable technique to reducing natural aggregate consumption and environmental impacts. In this study, the effect of combining waste glass in two particle size kinds that is coarse glass (greater than 1.18 mm) and fine glass (less than 1.18 mm) as a partial replacement for fine aggregate at percentage of replacement of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% on the fresh properties (slump flow, T500, v-funnel, L-box and fresh density), mechanical properties (equilibrium density, compressive strength, splitting strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity and impact resistance strength), and durability properties (sorptivity, water absorption and alkali – silica reaction) of LWSCC were evaluated. Two groups of mixtures, assigned as GC and GF, were prepared with various replacement percentages. Results of fresh properties showed all mixtures confirm requirements of EFNARC indicating that the presence of waste glass did not affect the self-compacting properties. A fresh and equilibrium density showed a gradual reduction with increasing glass content. GC mixtures displayed a continuous reduction in all mechanical properties, but GF mixtures exhibited considerably improvement mechanical performance up to 20%. GF mixture showed a superior performance in durability of LWSCC than GC, which reduced water absorption, sorptivity, and ASR expansion, indicating a denser and more stable microstructure. In terms of fresh properties, the best results were best replacement level at 20% for GC mixtures and 10% for GF mixtures. Among the investigated mixtures, GC10 and GF20 exhibited the most favorable overall balance of the measured fresh, mechanical, and durability properties. These results confirm that LWSCC incorporating waste glass, particularly fine glass at best levels, can be used as structural lightweight concrete.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Cross-database validation and calibrated uncertainty for machine learning models of the shear capacity of FRP-strengthened RC beams]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/cee-2027-0026</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 17 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Machine learning models for the shear contribution of externally bonded fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) to reinforced concrete beams are validated almost exclusively on a random hold-out split of a single self-compiled database. Because such databases are assembled from a few dozen experimental programmes, each contributing several near-identical specimens, a random split leaves siblings of nearly every test specimen in the training set. This study provides a cross-database assessment of that practice. Two independently compiled databases (442 and 455 specimens) were harmonised into a provenance-traced dataset of 828 records from 167 programmes spanning 1992–2024, and six learners were evaluated under five regimes of increasing severity. For gradient boosting the coefficient of determination fell from 0.67 and 0.69 under random splitting to 0.39 and 0.22 under study-grouped validation, and to 0.21 under cross-database transfer. A control in which the same physical specimens were scored under each compilation in turn changed little (0.35 versus 0.37), showing that clustering by programme, not curation disagreement, is responsible. A hierarchical errors-invariables model attributes 38% of the residual variance to programme identity and delivers calibrated predictive intervals (91.8% coverage at a nominal 90%), which span a factor of about twelve. Design provisions remain less accurate than the fitted models, but the reported margin roughly halves under honest validation. A reporting protocol is proposed, requiring publication of the specimen-to-study mapping, validation grouped on it, disclosure of out-of-range evaluation cases, and reporting of interval coverage and a characteristic value.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Shear Behavior of Deep Beams Reinforced with Single- and Dual-Geometry Steel Fibers]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/cee-2027-0027</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 17 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This experimental study investigated the shear capacity, load–deflection behavior, and failure modes of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) deep beams incorporating single-type and dual-geometry steel fibers. Eleven SFRC deep beams, with and without traditional shear reinforcement, were tested under four-point loading to examine the effect of steel fiber (SF) content, shape, and combination on shear performance. SF volume fractions of 0.0%, 0.7%, 1.05%, and 1.4% (by cement weight) were evaluated across three fiber configurations: hooked-end fibers, crimped fibers, and a 50/50 dual-geometry combination of both. Conventional shear reinforcement was also tested to serve as a benchmark. Results showed that shear strength and ductility increased consistently with fiber content, with load-carrying capacity reaching 165–211% of the unreinforced control beam and 111–140% of the beam with conventional shear reinforcement. Failure has been shifted from a sudden, brittle diagonal-shear mode in the unreinforced beam toward more gradual, ductile failure as fiber content increased, accompanied by finer crack widths and more distributed cracking. While both single-type fibers performed effectively as standalone shear reinforcement, the dual-geometry combination of hooked-end and crimped fibers outperformed either single type in ultimate strength and ductility, indicating a synergistic effect between fiber geometries. This dual-geometry approach offers a novel strategy for optimizing fiber-reinforced shear design in deep beams, particularly where enhanced ductility and crack control are needed without relying solely on conventional shear reinforcement.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Hybrid experimental–numerical methodology for the mechanical analysis of mortars containing recycled polymer inclusions]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/cee-2027-0028</link>
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            <pubDate>Sat, 17 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This investigation presents a hybrid experimental–numerical methodology for evaluating the mechanical behavior of mortars containing recycled polymer inclusions. Mortar mixtures incorporating recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyamide 6 (PA6) at replacement levels of 10 [%] and 20 [%] were produced and experimentally characterized through compressive and flexural strength tests. In addition, the elastic modulus and deformation capacity of the mixtures were determined to assess the influence of recycled polymers on mortar performance. The experimental results were subsequently used to calibrate and validate finite element models developed in SolidWorks Simulation. The numerical analyses enabled the evaluation of stress distributions, deformation patterns, and critical regions associated with damage initiation, providing additional insight into the mechanical response of the investigated mortars. The comparison between experimental measurements and numerical predictions demonstrated satisfactory agreement, confirming the suitability of the proposed modeling approach. The results indicate that the incorporation of recycled polymer inclusions modifies the stiffness and deformation capacity of the mortar while maintaining acceptable mechanical performance. PA6 inclusions promoted a more deformable response through a reduction in elastic modulus, whereas PET inclusions maintained mechanical strengths comparable to those of the reference mortar. The proposed methodology provides a reliable and reproducible framework for the characterization and numerical assessment of sustainable mortars containing recycled polymer materials and contributes to the development of environmentally friendly cement-based composites.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Inelastic Flexural Behaviour and Ductility Characteristics of Steel-Encased Composite Beams Incorporating Normal and High-Strength Concrete Under Out-of-Plane Actions: Nonlinear Finite Element Investigation]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/cee-2027-0023</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study presents a rigorous investigation into the inelastic flexural response of steel-encased composite reinforced concrete beams incorporating out-of-plane segmental configurations fabricated from normal strength concrete and high-strength concrete. A total of thirteen beam specimens were organized into two series of geometrically and mechanically identical configurations, differentiated solely by concrete compressive strength grade, thereby isolating the influence of this material variable on the observed failure mechanisms and load-deformation characteristics. Parametric results indicated that the introduction of out-of-plane segmental geometry induced a progressive and monotonic deterioration in ultimate load-carrying capacity, cracking load beam, and yielding resistance, with the magnitude of degradation correlating directly with the number of segmental joints. While failure of straight beam specimens was uniquely in pure flexure with peak midspan deflections, segmented configurations demonstrated a coupled shear-torsional failure mechanism with oblique deformation paths traversing along the interior perpendicular axes of the segmental interfaces; an indication of stress redistribution mustered by geometric discontinuities introduced at the joint locations. While HSC specimens exhibited higher initial flexural stiffness than their NSC counterparts on account of initial load-deflection relationship, this advantage did not extend to post-cracking response due to the inherent brittleness associated with HSC causing an abrupt drop in strength after cracking occurs for the non-composite behaviour configuration and ultimate load capacity alone is not sufficient for assessing structural adequacy. The presence of continuous internal steel section was the most significant parameter considering all configurations under investigation yielding simultaneous ultimate resistance increases close to 200 kN in NSC comparative beams, yet with large displacements ductility and energy dissipation capacity enhancements. More importantly, the surrounding steel element has changed the nature of structural functionality: no longer are segmental connection zones regions of stress concentration and early failure, but areas of cohesive and relatively uniform stress transfer, returning global structural continuity over multiple joints.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Integrating CFRP U-Wrapping and Spike Anchors in the Applications of Flexural Strengthening of RC Beams]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/cee-2027-0024</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 16 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This research examines the dual role of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) U-shaped wrapping and spike anchors (SA), installed laterally or vertically, in enhancing stress transfer at the concrete-laminate interface and mitigating premature debonding. In addition to the RC control beam, eight beams organized into three groups were investigated. Group 1 evaluated the strength gain provided by Externally Bonded Reinforcement (EBR) alone or EBR supplemented with a single anchorage system, either a U-wrap or spike anchor, to secure the CFRP laminate. Group 2 investigated EBR with a single end U-wrap paired with either double lateral or single vertical bottom SAs. Group 3 employed double end U-wraps alone or in combination with single or double lateral SAs per sheet. The results revealed that incorporating spike anchors alone was more effective than U-wrapping. Flexural capacity increased by over 81% compared to the control beam and by 50% relative to the beam strengthened solely with EBR. On the other hand, hybrid configurations of spike anchors and U-wraps showed limited additional benefit, except for the case of double U-wraps combined with double lateral SAs, which achieved flexural strength gains of over 96% and 62% compared to the control and EBR-only beams, respectively. Anchoring also resulted in an enhanced flexural behaviour where most of the anchored specimens failed by CFRP rupture rather than CFRP debonding, indicating a better utilization of CFRP material.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Experimental Work on Reinforced Concrete Slender Columns Enhanced by Partial Strengthening Using Steel Plate Strips]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/cee-2027-0022</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Many methods have been developed for strengthening and repairing damaged reinforced concrete (RC) structures as alternatives to removal or replacement. The conventional way of strengthening RC columns is to use a steel jacketing composed of four steel angles plus battens. This study offered an alternative strengthening technique that is simple to use and low-cost. They are strengthened by thin (0.5 mm thick) steel plate strips that are placed transversely and longitudinally at the middle height and 0.25 length of the column, as well as the full length of the column. This research focused on RC slender columns and experimentally studied the effect of this technique of strengthening under different eccentric loads on six RC slender columns using self-compacting concrete. The experiment’s results illustrated the impact of strengthening, as well as eccentric loads, on the behaviour of the columns. The reduction of lateral deflection increased from 3.83% to 5.10%, and column capacity increased from 4.25% to 36.55%. There was a clear rise in eccentricity as the energy absorption capacity improved by 9.65% to 72.63%. Furthermore, regarding strengthening efficiency measured per unit volume of steel was range 13.22% to 19.10%. In addition, by strengthening the columns, failure was delayed, the failure position changed, and strain was decreased. This technique gives structural engineers a dependable, safe way to strengthen RC slender columns easily and economically.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Enhancement of Strength Properties and Durability in High-Performance Concrete Using Polymer and Steel Fibers]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/cee-2026-0071</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Fiber-reinforced and high-performance concretes are elemental pillars of modern material engineering. Fibres are commonly used in combination with high-performance concrete. Important factor is to determine correct amount and type of fibres. This paper's focus is on high-performance fibre-reinforced concrete using polymer and steel varieties of fibres. For the experiment was determined main volume of fibres which was subsequently doubled in modified mixture to observe influence of highly increased number of fibres. Presented research introduces in total 4 mixtures of two different material types of fibres and two different dosages which were subjected to series of mechanical and durability tests including compressive, flexural and tensile-splitting strength, resistance against frost and defrosting chemicals and in the end were manufactured series of steel reinforced concrete beams without sheer reinforcement.The test showed a lot of mixed results, but it was determined that higher amount of steel fibres is usually beneficial for almost all measured characteristics, like compressive strength (137.3 MPa for prism fragments), mass loss after 400 cycles of resistance to frost and chemical de-icing agents (104.4 g/m2) and load tests of steel reinforced beams (125.13 kN). On the other hand, usage of polymer fibres especially in higher volume caused in some cases significant drawbacks like in the case of mass loss after 400 cycles of resistance to frost and chemical de-icing agents (116.9 g/m2) and load tests of steel reinforced beams (84.32 kN). Higher dosage of both types of fibres also influenced tensile-splitting strength in negative way.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Land Use and Land Cover and Their Impacts on Land Surface Temperature in the Little Zab River Basin: A Predictive Study]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/cee-2026-0083</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[During the past century, the Little Zab River Basin (LZRB) experienced obvious Land Use and Land Cover Alterations (LULCA) due to human-induced and natural causes. LULC has a great impact on the basin's hydrological characteristics, including evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and Land Surface Temperature. The current research investigated LULCA in the LZRB throughout two decades (from 2002 to 2023), and projected future trends for 2050. Additionally, this study used a Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model to predict Land Surface Temperature (LST) for 2050. Highly classified maps are produced using the Maximum Likelihood Algorithms (MLA), with Kappa indices ranging from 0.90 to 0.94. The analysis of the past period showed significant LULCA across the basin. Between 2002 and 2023, the watershed experienced a considerable growth in urban areas, reaching 168.09%, while agricultural lands increased by 42.13%. Moreover, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) increased from 0.16 in 2002 to 0.24 in 2023. The LST declined by 6.67% during the same period. The projected results for 2050, derived using the CA-Markov model, with a Kappa standard index of 0.77, and a calibrated MLR model, with very good to satisfactory statistical results, revealed similar trends. The predicted LULC map showed an additional increase in agricultural lands and urban areas. Finally, the NDVI value exhibited a 37.50% rise, and the LST is projected to decline by 7.67% in 2050 compared to the 2023 value.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Mechanistic Insights into the Long-term Sulphate–chloride Co-exposure Resistance of Self-compacting Engineered Cementitious Composites]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/cee-2026-0079</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/cee-2026-0079</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study elaborate on the collective impact of simultaneous sulphate–chloride ingress, cyclic wetting–drying and crystallization-induced microcracking, in the long-term degradation of concrete infrastructures in marine-like exposure conditions. This paper offers a comprehensive mechanistic assessment of the durability of self-compacting engineered cementitious composites (SC-ECC) exposed to sulphate, chloride, and combined sulphate–chloride exposure under a partial-immersion condition for 270 days. The developed blended SC-ECC having Class F fly ash and 1.5 vol% PVA fibres was evaluated by compressive strength, water and Rapid chloride penetration (RCPT) tests, half-cell potential (HCP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. At elevated sulphate concentrations, progressive but controlled degradation was observed from the experimental results. Water penetration was low (≤2.0 mm at 7.5% Na2SO4 after 270-days) suggesting that limited pore coarsening occurred even with microcrack generation. Across all regimes, the RCPT values remained ≤ 1500 C, further establishing the low ionic conductivity properties of SC-ECC compared with typical high-performance concrete with a similar exposure (Fig. 12). The most aggressive sulphate condition saw compressive strength retained about 80% of its water-cured reference even at 270 days. The measured corrosion potential (HCP) measurements (−120 to −430 mV vs. CSE) indicated low to moderately passive corrosion risk under chloride-only and sulphate-only exposures but more negative shifts were only developed under combined sulphate−chloride attack. SEM observations demonstrated a mechanistic degradation pathway driven by ettringite/gypsum crystallization in microcracks and ITZ widening, leading to enhanced ionic connectivity but not significant global porosity. Results corroborated from mechanical, transport, electrochemical, and microstructural aspects emphasize the excellent restrained resistance of fibered SC-ECC over long-term multiion, which exemplifies its high applicability for coastal and partially submerged structural use.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Effects of Geogrid Reinforcement and Tire Contact Pressure on Responses of Flexible Pavement over Weak Subgrade]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/cee-2026-0081</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Flexible pavements constructed over weak subgrades with a California Bearing Ratio (CBR) range of 2–4 % are subjected to premature failure owing to excessive stress and deformation. Their performance is significantly influenced by the actual contact tire pressure. These problems can be addressed using geogrid reinforcement. In this study, the impact of tire contact pressure on geogrid-reinforced flexible pavements built over weak subgrades was examined using physical models with a (1/3) scale. Five pavement sections were tested: control (unreinforced), which consists of three layers wearing asphalt layer of 5 cm, a bituminous base of 6 cm, subbase layer of 9 cm, all resting on a weak subgrade of clay soil of 50 cm. The reinforced sections were biaxial and triaxial geogrid reinforcement at the subbase-subgrade interface, and at the middle of the subbase course layer. Repeated axle loads were applied at three directly measured tire contact pressures (480, 560, and 690 kPa). Vertical stresses were measured at the bottom of the asphalt layer and the top of the subgrade. Increasing the tire pressure from 480 to 690 kPa raised the vertical stresses at the asphalt bottom by 67% in the control section and by 56% in the reinforced sections. At the top of the subgrade, the same increase resulted in vertical stress rises of 42 % for the control section and 32 % for the reinforced sections. Geogrid reinforcement reduced vertical stress at high pressures effectively, with subbase-subgrade reinforcement showing better performance than reinforcement at the middle depth of subbase. However, reinforcement with a triaxial geogrid presented good performance under different tire contact pressures. where the geogrid reduces stresses at the bottom of the asphalt layer by 28% and 23% for the biaxial and triaxial geogrids, respectively, when used at the subbase-subgrade interface, while the geogrid reduces stresses at the top of the subgrade layer by 49% and 43% for the biaxial and triaxial geogrids, respectively. The results revealed that tire pressure is a fundamental factor that affects flexible pavement performance, especially when built over weak subgrades, whereas geogrid reinforcement could further contribute to better performance.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Sustainable Subgrade Soil Stabilization Using Sugarcane Bagasse Ash: A Comprehensive Review on Geotechnical, Microstructural, and Environmental Performance]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/cee-2026-0078</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The accelerated growth of industrial and agricultural sectors has led to an exponential rise in the world production of wastes, among which sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) comes as a threat for disposal and a potential source for sustainable resources. Based on the general principles of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol, a total of 68 peer-reviewed studies conducted from 2009 to 2025 were reviewed to evaluate the performance of SCBA as a substitute soil stabilizer. Results show that the addition of SCBA generally results in decreased liquid limit, plasticity index, soil workability and significant reduction in swelling as high as 90% for expansive soils. Optimal results are typically observed with 6–10% SCBA alone or 8–10% SCBA combined with 4–6% lime, leading to major improvements in unconfined compressive strength and California Bearing Ratio (ranging from 100% to 900%). These enhancements arise from the formation of calcium silicate hydrate and calcium aluminosilicate hydrate gels, leading to enhanced interparticle bonding as well as matrix densification. Microstructural studies prove the existence of amorphous gel phases favouring densification. From an environmental perspective, SCBA utilization leads to significant (30–80%) CO2 emission reduction and savings on costs (up to 45%), which are in line with the objectives of the circular economy, waste valorisation. However, challenges still exist with field validation, uniform SCBA characterization, and life-cycle studies. In general, SCBA has good potential to be used as a sustainable, low-carbon stabilizing material for pavement and geotechnical applications.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Flexural Behaviour in Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Notched Beam]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/cee-2026-0082</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the influence of hooked-end steel fibres on the compressive and flexural behaviour of steel fibre-reinforced concrete (SFRC) using combined experimental testing and three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis (3D-NLFEA). Concrete mixes with fibre volume fractions Vf=0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% were cast and tested through standard cylinder compression and notched-beam three-point bending. Notched beams were tested under three-point bending with crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) control in accordance with JCI-S-002-2003, and the resulting load–CMOD responses were used to calibrate a 3D plasticity–fracture finite element model. Experimentally, the addition of steel fibres increased compressive strength from 52.52 MPa (plain concrete) to 70.55 MPa at Vf=1.5%, while the peak flexural load in notched beams rose from 36.01 kN to 49.24 kN with increasing Vf. SFRC mixes also exhibited markedly enhanced post-peak ductility and crack control, reflected in larger CMOD at comparable load levels and an extended descending branch of the load–CMOD curve. The calibrated 3D-NLFEA model reproduced the experimental load–displacement trends for all fiber contents with good agreement in peak load and overall curve shape, using post-cracking tensile contributionsft,fib the range of approximately 2.15–2.60 MPa. Within the limitations of the specimen set and modelling assumptions, the results suggest that moderate fibre contents (around 1.0–1.5%) provide a favourable balance between strength enhancement and flexural toughness and offer a rational basis for defining tensile softening laws in nonlinear analysis of SFRC elements. Further studies on reinforced members and structural-scale elements are recommended before translating these findings into codified design provisions.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Evaluation of Soil Stabilization Using Cement and TS Mika® VN Additive for Road Construction Applications]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/cee-2026-0068</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the engineering properties of soil stabilizers containing cement and the TS Mika® VN (TS) additive for road pavement applications in Dak Nong Province, Vietnam. The effects of using 8%, 10%, and 12% ordinary Portland cement combined with 3.75 liters of the TS additive per cubic meter of soil were investigated to evaluate the mechanical properties of the stabilized soil. All specimens were subjected to curing periods of 7, 14, and 28 days. Various engineering tests were conducted, including the determination of Atterberg limits, soil expansion characteristics, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), splitting tensile strength, and the elastic modulus of the stabilized soil. The results indicate that incorporating the TS additive with cement significantly enhances soil strength, making the stabilized material suitable for use in subgrade, subbase, and base layers of road construction in compliance with Vietnamese standards. The findings of this study are expected to be beneficial for road construction projects, particularly under conditions of material shortage.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Current State and Challenges of Road Bridges in Italy, Portugal, and Slovakia]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/cee-2026-0020</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In Europe, many countries are struggling with the condition of their infrastructure, particularly bridges. A significant number of bridges were constructed during the post-war era, and as a result, many are approaching the end of their service life. Another critical factor contributing to this issue is the lack of regular inspections and insufficient data for informed decision-making based on strategic planning. The approaches to condition rating systems vary across European countries, which can lead to differing final decisions on bridge maintenance and repairs. This paper focuses on the state of road bridges in Italy, Portugal, and Slovakia (Southern, Western, and Central Europe). It provides a summary of differences in rating systems, the number of bridges constructed from different materials, the distribution of bridges across various road types, and their geographical locations. Additionally, the paper discusses the principles behind these rating systems, including the COST Action TU1406, and outlines future challenges. This summary serves as a foundation for further research aimed at evaluating the application of various condition rating systems for road bridges and proposing a suitable, common European rating system, taking into account the possibilities offered by COST Action TU1406.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Integrated Multi-Criteria Optimization of Road Traffic Noise]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/cee-2026-0062</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Road traffic noise is one of the most persistent environmental pollutants, with profound effects on human health, ecosystem stability, and landscape quality. This study presents an integrated, interdisciplinary framework for the multi-criteria optimization of road traffic noise mitigation along the R2 expressway section between Pravotice and Dolné Vestenice, Slovakia. The research combines predictive acoustic modeling and empirical field measurements to evaluate and optimize the effectiveness of noise barriers in real environmental and traffic conditions. Simulations were conducted for the reference years 2016, 2026, and 2036 using the Hluk+ 8.28 software, calibrated with field data collected during the 2004 measurement campaign. The modeling process incorporated variables such as topography, land use, surface type, vegetation, and traffic composition. The multi-criteria optimization framework evaluated four dimensions—acoustic efficiency, ecological sustainability, visual integration, and economic feasibility—to determine the most context-appropriate mitigation solution. Results identified aluminum noise barriers with absorptive infill panels (A4 class) as the optimal variant, achieving substantial reductions in noise levels while maintaining landscape coherence and minimizing ecological disruption. The findings highlight that integrating technical, aesthetic, and environmental parameters within a unified decision-support methodology enhances both the sustainability and social acceptance of transport infrastructure design.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Experimental Investigation of Eccentric Composite Hollow Steel-Concrete Tensioned Column]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/cee-2026-0061</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/cee-2026-0061</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The current research offers scientific originality due to the lack of studies related to composite columns in enhancing tensile resistance as a result of the presence of non-axial tensile forces in many civil engineering applications. The research gap lies in using a composite section of hollow steel and concrete to produce a column that resists eccentric tensile forces. Five short composite columns as well as two reference columns were casted to study the effect of the existing of hollow steel section and different types of the eccentricities on the tensile strength of the composite short column. The designs were prepared to accommodate all the variables mentioned for calculating net forces and internal resisting moments of the section. The main conclusion of the current study confirmed the possibility of using the composite column in places that are exposed to eccentric tensile forces with a high efficiency of up to 17%. Also, laboratory tests showed that the optimal eccentric loading distance is the distance that is 15% greater or less than the balanced eccentric distance in order to maintain the tensile strengths at the highest level.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Update of Corrosion Maps in Slovakia and Prediction of Reinforced Concrete Beam Service Life Using Dose-response Functions (2017–2024)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/cee-2026-0070</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/cee-2026-0070</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Reinforcement corrosion is an increasingly serious issue worldwide. The structures gradually lose their load-bearing capacity, reliability and service life of the buildings decrease. Humankind should monitor and solve the problem of corrosion. From this reason, the research is focused on effect of corrosion on the structures not only in Slovak Republic. This study continues the previous work (Strieška et al., 2018), where were investigated corrosion maps of carbon steel (reinforcement in Slovakia between years 2004–2017. A dose-response function was used to evaluate the effect of corrosion on steel rebar. Input data for the corrosion models were obtained from the Slovak hydrometeorological institute database. Corrosion losses for individual monitoring stations across the Slovak Republic were determined by calculation. Corrosion maps were visualizing in programs Gimp and Qgis. The results were processed in the coordinate system WGS 84. The results are corrosion maps of corrosion losses per year between years 2017–2024 in Slovak Republic. Following, the effect of corrosion was applied on the structural beam subjected to bending and exposed in the aggressive corrosion environment. These examples were developed for the monitoring stations, where corrosion risk was the highest, and lowest in Slovak Republic and for the station Žilina. The graphs illustrate expected reduction in beam capacity subjected to bending caused by the corrosion of reinforcement over a 100-year period. The research demonstrates that the effect of corrosion significantly affects the structural reliability and durability. The analysed beam demonstrates reduced load-bearing capacity and does not achieve the required load-bearing capacity over a 100-year period.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Experimental Investigation of Wall Thickness Effect on Cold Joints in a Scaled Diaphragm Wall Model Using Fiber-Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/cee-2026-0067</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/cee-2026-0067</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Concrete diaphragm walls are crucial structural components for permanent retaining systems and deep excavation support. The research examines how wall thickness and cold joints influence the deformation behavior of diaphragm walls. A small laboratory model with a rigidity that is comparable to the field model was used for this purpose. The scaled model was designed to preserve the relative stiffness of the field model; however, due to the slenderness of the specimens, conventional reinforcement could not be applied. Instead, polypropylene fibers were used as an effective alternative to enhance crack resistance and ensure structural integrity. Four-point bending tests were carried out under static loading conditions using a laboratory compression testing machine. The model sizes are (40, 60, 80, and 100 mm) in prismatic thickness and overall width and length (900 mm and 2600 mm), respectively. Additional tests on 60 mm walls with one and two cold joints, and on 100 mm walls with two cold joints, were compared against joint-free specimens to assess the influence of cold joints. The findings indicate that increasing wall thickness improves load-bearing capacity and reduces lateral deformation. For proposed specimens maximizing strength gains when aspect ratio 



thicknessdepth
\left( {{{thickness} \over {depth}}} \right)


 increase form 



140to130
{1 \over {40}}to{1 \over {30}}


 and for increasing from 



160to140
{1 \over {60}}to{1 \over {40}}


 deflection decreases sharply. Specimens with aspect ratio of 



140
{1 \over {40}}


 one and two joints reduced ultimate load by about 3% and 15%, respectively, while at 



124
{1 \over {24}}


 two joints caused a 10% reduction. Thinner walls proved more flexible and thus more sensitive to joint-induced weaknesses.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Flow Velocity Distribution near Curb-opening Inlets: Experiments and Analysis]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/cee-2026-0069</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/cee-2026-0069</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an experimental investigation of the velocity distribution around curb-opening inlets using a laboratory channel model measuring 6.2 m in length, 2 m in width, and 1. 5 m in height. The flow system consisted of a base discharge supplemented by a spatially varied inflow generated through twelve nozzles uniformly arranged along the model’s length and width. Velocity measurements were carried out with a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) to examine the applicability of the universal velocity profile in accordance with the law of the wall. Dimensional analysis was employed to identify the governing parameters and construct a representative diagram for flow characterization. Under uniform flow conditions, without nozzle-induced inflow, the velocity distribution exhibited close agreement with the universal velocity profile. In contrast, the introduction of spatially varied inflow resulted in significant deviations, particularly within the buffer layer and logarithmic region, with discrepancies becoming more pronounced downstream as the cumulative influence of multiple nozzles increased. The measurements further revealed that the nozzle inflow generates a localized jet within the viscous sublayer, and the intensity of this jet was observed to increase in the downstream direction in response to higher inflow discharge. These findings highlight the complex interaction between localized inflow and classical velocity distribution laws.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
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