
Research on the influence of rock micro-parameter in particle flow code (PFC) on the rock fracture morphology
By: Lingli Zhang, Ruirui Wang, Biao Li, Jian Hou and Nana Liu

References
- Castro-Filgueira, U., Alejano, L. R., Arzúa, J., & Ivars, D. M. (2017). Sensitivity analysis of the micro-parameters used in a pfc analysis towards the mechanical properties of rocks. Procedia Engineering, 191, 488–495.
- Cen, D.F., Huang, D., & Ren, F. (2017). Shear deformation and strength of the interphase between the soil-rock mixture and the benched bedrock slope surface. Acta Geotechnica, 12: 391–413.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-016-0468-2 - Chehreghani, S., Noaparast, M., Rezai, B., & Shafaei, S.Z. (2017). Bonded-particle model calibration using response surface methodology. Particuology, 32: 141–152.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2016.07.012 - Cheng, H., Shuku, T., Thoeni, K., Tempone, P., Luding, S., & Magnanimo, V. (2019). An iterative Bayesian filtering framework for fast and automated calibration of DEM models. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng., 350:268–294.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2019.01.027 - Cheng, W., & Eyke, H. (2009). Combining Instance-Based Learning and Logistic Regression for Multilabel Classification. Machine Learning, 76(2):211–225.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-009-5127-5 . - Chi, X., Xie, Y., Chen, D., Wang, Z., & Zhao, X.D. (2022) Study on mesoscopic parameter calibration of layered ore rock based on particle flow. Min Res Dev., 42(10):113–118.
https://doi.org/10.13827/j.cnki.kyyk.2022.10.010 - De, Simone, M., Souza, L.M.S., & Roehl, D. (2019). Estimating DEM microparameters for uniaxial compression simulation with genetic programming. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci, 118:33–41.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2019.03.024 - Deng, S.X., Zheng, Y.L., Feng, L.P., Zhu, P.Y., & Ni, Y. (2019). Application of design of experiments in microscopic parameter calibration for hard rocks of PFC3D model. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 41(04): 655–664.
- Dong, J., & Li, H. (2022). Study on macro-mesoscopic corresponding relationship and parameter calibration method of loess particle flow. Water Resour Hydropower Eng, 53(04):180–191.
https://doi.org/10.13928/j.cnki.wrahe.2022.04.017 - Dong, X. (2022). Study on the influence mechanism of parallel bond model meso parameters on macro parameters and destruction mechanisation. (Master). Hebei University of Science and Technology, Hebei, China.
https://doi.org/10.27107/d.cnki.ghbku.2022.000715 - Francis, A., & Thomas, A. (2023). Sustainability Assessment and Benchmarking Framework for Buildings Using a System Dynamics Modeling and Simulation Approach. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 37(3): 04023005.1–16
- Hao, B., Zhang, C., Wang, C., & Ren, C. (2022). Study on determination micro-parameters of rock PFC2D model. Coal Sci Technol, 50(04):132–141.
https://doi.org/10.13199/j.cnki.cst.2019-0906 - He, S. (2018). Calibration method and sensitivity analysis of micromechanic parameters for limestone. (Master). Shandong University
- Hu, L.B., Wang, F.Z., Jiang, F., & Huang, G. (2023). Study on the influence of mineral composition on the mechanical properties of granite based on FDEM-GBM method. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 129: 102834.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2023.102834 - Huang, D., Cen, D.F., Ma, G.W., & Huang, R.Q. (2015). Step-path failure of rock slopes with intermittent joints. Landslides, 12: 911–926
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-014-0517-6 . - Ibarra, J., Estay, D., Pacheco, A., Guzmán, L., Barraza, R., Chacana, F., & Hernández, C. (2022). Bond calibration method for macroparameters using the discrete element method framework, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 262: 108223.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2021.108223 - Ji, S., & Karlovšek, J. (2022). Calibration and uniqueness analysis of microparameters for DEM cohesive granular material. Int J Min Sci Technol, 32(1):121–136.
- Kocev, D., Džeroski, S., White, M.D., Newell, G.R., & Griffioen, P. (2009) Using single-and multi-target regression trees and ensembles to model a compound index of vegetation condition. Ecological Modelling, 220(8): 1159–1168.
https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.01 - Li, B., Hu, M.M., Zhang, B., Li, N., Shao, W., Nie, L.C., Cao, W., & Xu, B. (2022a) Numerical simulation and experimental studies of rock-breaking methods for pre-grooving-assisted disc cutter. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 81: 90–104
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02594-2 - Li, B. Zhang, B. Hu, M.M. & Liu, B. (2022b). Full-scale linear cutting tests to study the influence of pre-groove depth on rock-cutting performance by TBM disc cutter. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 122: 104366
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104366 - Li, X., Huang, M., Wang, G., Xu, K., a Liu, T. (2021) A calibration method for micro parameters based on neural network and flat-joint contact model. Mech Eng 43(03):393–405
- Li, Z., Liu, G., Yan, C., Dong. K., & Cui, J. (2023) Study on the construction method of particle flow model of rock with primary hidden micro-fissures and the calibration method of micro-parameters. J Eng Geol 31(06):1842–1853.
https://doi.org/10.13544/j.cnki.jeg.2021-0594 - Ma, C. (2020). Intelligent inverse analysis of macro- and micro-parameters of rockfill based on discrete element method and it’s engineering applications. (Doctor). Xi’an University of Technology.
- Meng, Q.T., Wang, H., Bai, L., Zhao, F., & Bai, J. (2025). "Rock mass properties prediction method in TBM tunnel based on principal component analysis (PCA). Civil and Environmental Engineering, ahead of print,
https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2026-0051 . - Ni, Y.D., Wang, R.R., Leng, X.L., Xia, F.M., & Wang, F. (2025a). Modelling of PFC geotechnical material parameter relationships based on orthogonal design and BP neural network. Computational Particle Mechanics, 12: 371–398.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40571-024-00806-y - Ni, Y.D., Leng, X.L., Wang, R.R., Xia, F.M., Wang, F., & Wang, C.T. (2025b). A DEM parameter calibration method based on BP neural network and genetic algorithm. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 49: 16–48.
https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.70043 - Pan, C., Li, X., He, L., & Li, J.C. (2021). Study on the effect of micro-geometric heterogeneity on mechanical properties of brittle rock using a grain-based discrete element method coupling with the cohesive zone model. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 140: 104680.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104680 - Potyondy, D.O., & Cundall, P.A. (2004). A bonded-particle model for rock. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 41: 1329–1364.
- Qu, T.M., Feng, Y.T., Zhao, T., & Wang, M. (2020). A hybrid calibration approach to Hertz-type contact parameters for discrete element models. Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech, 44(9):1281–1300.
- Qu, T.M., Feng, Y.T., Zhao, T., & Wang, M. (2019). Calibration of linear contact stiffnesses in discrete element models using a hybrid analytical-computational framework. Powder Technol, 356:795–807.
- Shentu, J., & Lin, B. (2023). A novel machine learning framework for efficient calibration of complex DEM model: a case study of a conglomerate sample. Eng Fract Mech, 279:109044.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2023.109044 - Su, W.S., Lin, Z., Yang, H.Y., Dang, S.Y., & Wu, H. (2026). Mechanical Behaviour and Evolution of Rock Loosening Zone in in-situ Reconstruction and Expansion Construction of Highway Tunnels. Civil and Environmental Engineering, ahead of print,
https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2026-0077 - Tong, X., Zhu, X.H., Ma, P.H., & Leng, Y.Q. (2019). Study on the Strength Parameters of Loess in Granular Discrete Element Method. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering, 15(02): 435–442.
- Wang, J. (2020). Study on meso-parameter calibration of chlorite schist particle flow based on discrete element method. (Master). Anhui University of Science and Technology.
https://doi.org/10.26918/d.cnki.ghngc.2020.000382 . - Wang, J.W., Chi, S.C., Shao, X.Q., & Zhao, F.X. (2020a). Application of orthogonal-contour method in calibration of microscopic parameters of rockfill materials. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 42(10): 1867–1875.
- Wang, J., Chi, S., Shao, X., & Zhao, F. (2020b), Application of orthogonal contour method in calibration of microscopic parameters of rockfill materials. Chin J Geotech Eng, 42(10):1867–1875
- Wang, R.R., & Zhang, L.L. (2023), K-means-based heterogeneous tunneling data analysis method for evaluating rock mass parameters along a TBM tunnel. Scientific Reports, 13(1): 21564.1–16.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-49033-0 . - Wang, X.T., Li, S.C., Xu, Z.H., Lin, P., Hu, J., & Wang, W.T. (2019), Analysis of Factors influencing floor water inrush in coal mines: A nonlinear fuzzy interval assessment method. Mine Water Environ, 38 (1), 81–92
- Wu, L.Z., & AbouRizk, S. (2020). Numerical-Based Approach for Updating Simulation Input in Real Time. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 35(2): 04020067.1–13
- Wu, S.Y., & Huang, Y.H. (2023) Macro and meso crack evolution of granite specimens with non-straight fissures: a comparison between two bond models. Theoret Appl Fract Mech, 125:103890.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2023.103890 - Xia, L., & Zeng, Y.W. (2018), Parametric study of smooth joint parameters on the mechanical behavior of transversely isotropic rocks and research on calibration method. Computers and Geotechnics, 98: 1–7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.01.012 - Xiang, Y.Z., Liu, H.L., Zhang, W.G., Chun, J., Zhou, D., & Xiao, Y. (2018) Application of transparent soil model test and DEM simulation in study of tunnel failure mechanism. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 74: 178–184.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.01.020 - Xu, Z.H., Wang, Z.Y., Wang, W.Y., Lin, & P., Wu, J. (2022). An integrated parameter calibration method and sensitivity analysis of microparameters on mechanical behavior of transversely isotropic rocks. Comput Geotech, 142:104573.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104573 - Yoon, J. (2007). Application of experimental design and optimization to PFC model calibration in uniaxial compression simulation. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 44: 871–889.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2007.01.004 - Zhong, W., Ding, H., & Fan, L. (2023). Research on mesoscopic parameters calibration of geopolymer concrete upon BP neural network. Eng Mech, 41(7):1–10
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2026-0114 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6512 (formerly 1336-5835) | Journal ISSN: 1336-5835
Language: English
Submitted on: Jan 27, 2026
Accepted on: Apr 24, 2026
Published on: Jun 24, 2026
Published by: University of Žilina
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Related subjects:
© 2026 Lingli Zhang, Ruirui Wang, Biao Li, Jian Hou, Nana Liu, published by University of Žilina
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.