Complex Modulus of Bituminous Mixtures Modified with PVC Waste Using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

	Micro-Deval [%]	Los Angeles [%]	Sand Friability [%]	Real Density [g/cm³]	Clean Aggregates [%]	Sand equivalent [%]	Flattening coefficient [%]
Norm	NF P 18-572	NF P 18-573	NF P 18-576	NF EN 1097-6	NF P 18-591	NF P 18-598	NF P 18-561
Specification	< 20%	< 25%	≤ 35%	/	<2 %	≥45 %	<20 %
0/3	/	/	33	2.62	/	77	/
3/8	/	/	/	2.67	0.83	/	9.86
8/15	18	20	/	2.74	0.81	/	4.96

Table 3:

Granulometric analysis of the aggregates used

	sand		gravel 3/8		gravel 8/15
sieve aperture in [mm]	M = 1000 g		M = 1600 g		M = 3000 g
sieve aperture in [mm]	Weight retained [g]	Retained [%]	Weight retained [g]	Retained [%]	Weight retained [g]	Retained [%]
25	0	100	0	100	0	100
20	0	100	0	100	0	100
16	0	100	0	100	23	99
14	0	100	0	100	407	86
12,5	0	100	0	100	1102	63
10	0	100	0	100	2297	23
8	0	100	0	100,00	2973	1
6,3	0	100	496	69	3000	0
5	0	100	1135	29	3000	0
4	0	100	1485	7	3000	0
3,15	105	90	1590	1	3000	0
2,5	111	89	1600	0	3000	0
2	206	79	1600	0	3000	0
1,25	367	63	1600	0	3000	0
0,63	509	49	1600	0	3000	0
0,315	615	39	1600	0	3000	0
0,16	772	23	1600	0	3000	0
0,08	879	12	1600	0	3000	0

Table 4:

Characteristics of the Filler Used

CaCO₃		Cl		SO₄	Insoluble	VBS
[ml]	[%]	[ml]	[%]		[%]
45	42.1	0.30	0.11	-	57.79	0.17

Polyvinyl Chloride: Source and Post-Use Waste from Ceiling Manufacturing

Table 5:

Characteristics of the PVC used

Density [g/cm³]	Melting point [°C]	Type of PVC	Molecular formula	color
1.38	160	rigid	C₂H₃Cl	white

Table 5:

Granulometric analysis of the PVC used

Tamis [mm]	Cumulative refusals [g]	Sieving [% Passing]
2	0,73	1,46
1	4,85	9,7
0,5	17,73	35,46
0,25	36,66	73,32
0,2	41,79	83,58
0,125	45,92	91,84
0,08	47,91	95,82

Table 6:

Proportion of modified asphalt

PVC [%]	Stability [kN]	Flow [mm]	Quotient [kN/mm]	Voids [%]
0	13.12	3.80	3.45	3.68
3	16.83	5.60	3.00	3.71
5	12.19	4.40	2.77	3.95
7	12.35	2.85	4.33	3.16
9	16.56	4.50	3.68	3.15

Isothermal curve of modified asphalt and unmodified asphalt

Isochronous curve of modified asphalt and unmodified asphalt

Table 7:

DMA Test Results for Unmodified and PVC-Modified Bituminous Mixtures (0.5 Hz)

Temperature [°C]	E′ [MPa]		E″ [MPa]		*E [MPa]**		Phase Angle [°]		Deformation [mm]		Stress [MPa]
	MODIF	ORD	MODIF	ORD	MODIF	ORD	MODIF	ORD	MODIF	ORD	MODIF	ORD
10.5	10892	10020	2495	2703	11174,10	10380,11	13	15	0.0146	0,0151	127	120
15.5	7850	6877	2457	2762	8225,53	7410,92	17	22	0.0308	0,0323	197	184
20.5	4338	3735	2480	2325	4996,86	4399,52	30	32	0.0820	0,0874	319	296
25.5	1870	1774	1643	1663	2489,24	2431,59	41	43	0.1221	0,1222	237	229

[i] MODIF: signified modified asphalt; ORD: signified unmodified asphalt.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2026-0029 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6512 (formerly 1336-5835) | Journal ISSN: 1336-5835

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Language: English

Page range: 632 - 642

Submitted on: Jul 31, 2025

Accepted on: Aug 26, 2025

Published on: Jun 19, 2026

Published by: University of Žilina

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

Asphalt pavement,

PVC waste,

Polluting ecosystems,

Dynamic mechanical analysis,

Williams-Landel-Ferry,

Environmental sustainability

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Business management,

Industries,

Environmental management

© 2026 Soumia Sridi, M’hammed Merbouh, Yousra Bousmaha, published by University of Žilina
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 22 (2026): Issue 2 (June 2026)

Complex Modulus of Bituminous Mixtures Modified with PVC Waste Using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

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