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Experimental evaluation of HFMI effectiveness for weld repairs Cover

Experimental evaluation of HFMI effectiveness for weld repairs

Open Access
|Jun 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Principle of the HFMI treatment method (Campagnolo et al., 2021)

Figure 2:

Allowed FAT category increase for HFMI treated Welds (Marquis & Barsoum, 2016)

Figure 3:

Geometry of the specimen with butt V-weld (identical for the specimen with X-weld)

Figure 4:

Testing equipment with specimen during the fatigue experiment

Figure 5:

Localization of the fatigue crack using NDT penetrant testing (PT) after completion of loading

Figure 6:

Repair of a specimen affected by a fatigue crack

Figure 7:

Comparison of results S355 steel grade specimens

Figure 8:

Comparison of results S460 steel grade specimens

Figure 9:

Comparison of results S690 steel grade specimens

Figure 10:

Comparison of results S960 steel grade specimens

Technical manufacturing parameters

S355 specimens: Technical manufacturing parameters
Welding method135 (MAG) according to EN ISO 4063
Filler materialEN ISO 14341-A: G46 3 C1 4Si1/G50 5 M21 4Si1
Shielding gasM21 (82% Ar + 18% CO2) – STARGON 18
Preheat temperature-
S460 specimens: Technical manufacturing parameters
Welding method135 (MAG) according to EN ISO 4063
Filler materialEN ISO 14341-A: G46 3 C1 4Si1/G50 5 M21 4Si1
Shielding gasM21 (82% Ar + 18% CO2) – STARGON 18
Preheat temperature-
S690 specimens: Technical manufacturing parameters
Welding method135 (MAG) according to EN ISO 4063
Filler materialEN ISO 16834-A: G 69 4 M21 Mn3Ni1CrMo
Shielding gasM21 (82% Ar + 18% CO2) – STARGON 18
Preheat temperature100 °C
S960 specimens: Technical manufacturing parameters
Welding method135 (MAG) according to EN ISO 4063
Filler materialEN ISO 16834-A: G 89 4 M20 Mn4Ni2CrMo
Shielding gasM21 (82% Ar + 18% CO2) – STARGON 18
Preheat temperature150 °C

Number of cycles to failure for S355 steel grade specimens

MaterialS355
Stress ratio R0.1
Spec. numberTreatmentStress range [MPa]Number of cycles to failure
1As Welded10010 000 000*
2As Welded10010 000 000*
3As Welded2001 531 011
4As Welded2001 486 900
5HFMI20010 000 000*
6HFMI2005 000 000*
7HFMI2505 000 000*
8HFMI3001 900 389
9HFMI repair3002 728 703
10HFMI repair3001 741 976
11HFMI repair320474 210
12HFMI repair320974 818

Number of cycles to failure for S690 steel grade specimens

MaterialS690
Stress ratio R0.1
Spec. numberTreatmentStress range [MPa]Number of cycles to failure
28As Welded2002 674 867
29As Welded300501 424
30As Welded300372 388
31As Welded50055 796
32As Welded50079 230
33HFMI3005 000 000*
34HFMI3505 000 000*
35HFMI500167 150
36HFMI500289 026
37HFMI repair400426 198
38HFMI repair400116 523
39HFMI repair450309 494
40HFMI repair450160 857

Number of cycles to failure for S960 steel grade specimens

MaterialS960
Stress ratio R0.1
Spec. numberTreatmentStress range [MPa]Number of cycles to failure
41As Welded300492 569
42As Welded50055 205
43As Welded50060 774
44As Welded80016 832
45HFMI3005 000 000*
46HFMI50070 656
47HFMI500293 794
48HFMI80015 584
49HFMI repair450110 727
50HFMI repair450172 590
51HFMI repair50032 423
52HFMI repair500110 359

Number of specimens for fatigue testing

Weld typeV and X
Stress ratio R0.1
TreatmentAs WeldedHFMIHFMI repair
S355J2+N444
S460NL654
S690QL544
S960QL444

Number of cycles to failure for S460 steel grade specimens

MaterialS460
Stress ratio R0.1
Spec. numberTreatmentStress range [MPa]Number of cycles to failure
13As Welded200474 157
14As Welded2003 018 047
15As Welded300210 929
16As Welded300331 088
17As Welded350129 096
18As Welded350309 218
19HFMI2004 393 464
20HFMI2005 000 000*
21HFMI300984 402
22HFMI350847 345
23HFMI350947 066
24HFMI repair300589 985
25HFMI repair3001 175 960
26HFMI repair350254 244
27HFMI repair350688 634
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2026-0027 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6512 | Journal ISSN: 1336-5835
Language: English
Page range: 620 - 631
Submitted on: Jul 27, 2025
Accepted on: Sep 30, 2025
Published on: Jun 19, 2026
Published by: University of Žilina
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2026 Jakub Štěpán, Pavel Ryjáček, Miloslav Kepka, Radovan Minich, published by University of Žilina
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.