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Effect of Ceramic Waste Valorization on the Stabilization of Tori-Dokanmey Ferralitic Soil for Road Pavement Layers in Benin Cover

Effect of Ceramic Waste Valorization on the Stabilization of Tori-Dokanmey Ferralitic Soil for Road Pavement Layers in Benin

Civil and Environmental Engineering
Volume 22 (2026): Issue 2 (June 2026)
By: ,  ,  ,   and    
Open Access
|Jun 2026
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Location of the sampling site

Figure 2:

Study materials

Figure 3:

Mineralogical characterization device

Figure 4:

Testing program flowchart

Figure 5:

Particle size distribution curve of the bar soil sample

Table 1:

Sieve size analysis results of the bar soil sample

DesignationMaximum diameter (Dmax) [mm]Under 2 mm [%]Under 0.315 mm [%]Under 0.08 mm [%]
Sample121007148
Sample221007249
Sample321006947
Average21007148
Standard deviation001.51
Table 2:

Methylene blue value of bar soil

DesignationSample1Sample2Sample3AverageGTR limit
VBS [-]111.0210.2 < VBS ≤ 1.5(sandy clay)
Table 3:

Plasticity index of bar soil

DesignationSample1Sample2Sample3AverageGTR limit
IP [%]2222222212˂IP≤25 (Medium clayey sand)
Table 4:

Mineralogical characterization of bar soil

MineralChemical formulaEstimated proportion [%]
QuartzSiO258
KaoliniteAl2Si2O5(OH)428
Illite/muscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)212
Others / amorphous(Fe-oxydes, résidus)2
Table 5:

Chemical composition of bar soil

OxideSiO2Al2O3Fe2O3K2ONa2OCaOMgOH2O structural
Estimated proportion (%)6224210.50.30.210
Table 6:

Geotechnical characterization of sandy-clayey sand (foundation layer)

Geotechnical characteristicsSandy-clay sand (bar soil)CEBTP specificationComment
- grain size [mm]0/20/2 à 0/10suitable
- passing to 80 µm [%]4810 à 30 %unfit
- IP (Plasticity index) [%]225 à 20unfit
- f × IP [-]1056100 à 500unfit
- ɣd OPM (the optimal dry density) [T/m3]21.9 à 2.1suitable
- Wopm (optimal water content) [%]12.17 à 13%suitable
- Swelling [%]0.172.50%suitable
ICBR (CBR Index) à 95% OPM (optimum) [%]23≥30 (25 for T1 et 35 pr T4 and T5)unfit
Table 7:

Mineralogical characterization of pulverized ceramic waste

MineralChemical formulaEstimated proportion [%]
QuartzSiO270
Feldspaths (Na/K)NaAlSi3O8 / KAlSi3O815
Glass / mullite / amorphous(Al–Si / amorphous)15
Table 8:

Chemical composition of pulverized ceramic waste

OxideSiO2Al2O3Fe2O3K2ONa2OCaOMgO
Estimated [%]70202321.20.8
Figure 6:

Particle size distribution curves for ceramic waste-treated mixtures

Figure 7:

Percentage passing through the 80 µm sieve for bar soil treated with ceramic waste

Figure 8:

Variation of the plasticity index of bar soil with ceramic waste content

Figure 9:

Comparison of the plasticity index of treated bar soil with CEBTP specification limits for sub-base materials

Figure 10:

Variation of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of sandy-clayey soil treated with ceramic waste

Figure 11.

Influence of ceramic waste content on the maximum dry density of treated sandy-clayey soil

Figure 12:

Variation of soaked CBR index at 95% MDD of sandy-clayey soil treated with ceramic waste

Figure 13:

Influence of ceramic waste content on soaked CBR index at 95% MDD for treated sandy-clayey soil

Table 9:

Summary of geotechnical properties of treated sandy-clayey soil compared to CEBTP sub-base requirements (1984 and 2019 editions)

PCW ratePassing to 80 µm [%]ɣd OPM [T/m3]Wopm [%]IP [%]ICBR à 95% OPM [%]SwellingComment
obtaineddesiredobtaineddesiredobtaineddesiredobtaineddesiredobtaineddesiredobtaineddesired
- 0.0%4810 à 30 %21.9 à 2.112.17 à 13%225 à 2023≥30 (25 pr T1 et 35 pr T4 and T5)0.172.50%unfit
- 2.5%3510 à 30 %2.031.9 à 2.1117 à 13%18.45 à 2024≥30 (25 pr T1 et 35 pr T4 and T5)0.262.50%unfit
- 5%3210 à 30 %2.061.9 à 2.110.97 à 13%18.35 à 2030≥30 (25 pr T1 et 35 pr T4 and T5)0.22.50%unfit
- 7.5%2810 à 30 %2.081.9 à 2.110.17 à 13%185 à 2034≥30 (25 pr T1 et 35 pr T4 and T5)0.192.50%suitable
- 10%2810 à 30 %2.091.9 à 2.110.17 à 13%13.45 à 2037≥30 (25 pr T1 et 35 pr T4 and T5)0.192.50%suitable
- 12.5%2710 à 30 %2.11.9 à 2.1107 à 13%135 à 2042≥30 (25 pr T1 et 35 pr T4 and T5)0.182.50%suitable
- 15%2710 à 30 %2.11.9 à 2.110.17 à 13%14.35 à 2048≥30 (25 pr T1 et 35 pr T4 and T5)0.192.50%suitable
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2026-0019 | Journal eISSN: 2199-6512 (formerly 1336-5835) | Journal ISSN: 1336-5835
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Language: English
Page range: 518 - 535
Submitted on: Aug 1, 2025
Accepted on: Aug 17, 2025
Published on: Jun 19, 2026
Published by: University of Žilina
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Bar soil,
Ceramic waste,
Stabilization,
Plasticity index,
CBR index
Related subjects:
Business and economics,
Business management,
Industries,
Environmental management

© 2026 Coovi Rocambols Thède Agbelele, Valéry k. Doko, Edem Chabi, Boris Ganmavo, Mohamed Gibigaye, published by University of Žilina
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 22 (2026): Issue 2 (June 2026)
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