Physicochemical characterization of pig manure and its carbonaceous derivatives: Climate and sustainability impacts

Figures & Tables

Location	Nigeria	China	Spain	Brazil	Spain	China	USA	Nigeria	Nigeria	Taiwan	Denmark
Char type	Activated charcoal	Hydrochar	Hydrochar	Biochar	Biochar	Biochar	Hydrochar	Activated char	Biochar	Biochar	Biochar
Activation method	Steam	Acid	Steam	Nil	Nil	Nil	N2	steam	Nil	Nil	N2
CT	400°C	220°C	180°C	450°C	300°C	400℃	220℃	300℃	300℃	700℃	600℃
pH	8.49	5.29	-	10.24	7.8	9.86	6.85	9.44	8.96	11.98
(%)
MC						3.36	1.70	5.42	4.96	2.50
Ash	13.13	24.03	31.60	50.33	50.25	46.35	38.20	50.80	35.79	52.8	31.80
VM		5.33	53.9		31.25	38.00	44.60	5.65	5.32		10.70
TC	75.35		37.50			35.86	70.00	44.13	41.11	49.30	62.20
FC			14.50	38.27	18.5	12.11	15.40	38.15	53.71		57.50
N		4.30	2.40	3.00	2.24	2.57	4.30	1.56	1.61	2.00	1.18
O			23.10			13.09	17.10			14.90	3.7
H			4.70			2.12	7.70			0.90	1.12
P	2.51	1.20		4.88	0.28	1.83		2.48	2.22	7.50	3.34
K	0.93	1.50		3.67	0.08	2.52		1.66	1.22	2.70	1.55
Ca	0.56	5.50		7.02	0.13	5.30		0.56	0.38	5.00	6.10
Mg	0.44	1.00		5.84	0.09	1.25		0.51	0.42	3.40	0.80
Na	0.14	0.20			0.06	0.36		0.17	0.16		1.18
(mg/kg)
Zn	103.48	970.96		508.60	1213.00	1558.08		120.15	16.33	0.34	660
Mn	671.33	568.32		462.60		760.91		602.85	706.55	0.18	580
Cu	39.46	885.82		20.70	348.00	1135.62		99.60	58.66	0.05	140
Fe	1304.65			282.80	60.94			8446.66	6498.15		11,300
Cr		21.63						15.46	16.10		450
Pb		4.17				1.47		18.09	14.13		1.90
Cd		0.17			0.00	0.53		0.09	0.09		<0.90
Al								0.00	0.00		620
As		0.45				55.47
BD	0.87							1.02	1.00
SG	0.73							1.11	1.09
WHC	89.90							59.86	63.41
CEC				170.00	35.60
EC				4.08	102.00	730.00
SA				12.36		3.68				59.00	22.90
References	Ohanaka et al., 2021	Song et al., 2020	Ipiales et al., 2023	Sarfaraz et al., 2020	Cely et al., 2014	Meng et al., 2014	Lentz et al., 2019	Edo, 2023	Edo, 2023	Tsai et al., 2012	Wnetrzak et al., 2014

Location	Nigeria	China	Spain	Nigeria	Spain	China	USA	Nigeria	Taiwan	Poland
Manure type	Fresh	Fresh slurry	Dry separated solid	Fresh	Slurry	Fresh manure-sawdust compost	Freshly dewatered solid	Dry	Dry	Slurry
(%)
pH	7.35	6.34		7.60	9.00	7.46	7.30	7.35		6.89
MC	12.02	73.60	94.50	12.02		12.54	8.6	11.79	13.6	42.02
Ash	23.24	19.86	23.60	23.70	47.22	27.56	25.30	23.07	18.10
VM	5.32	73.75	63.40		41.72	58.18	58.90	13.17
TC			35.60	1.69		34.79	54.3	65.35	42.2
FC	18.08	6.39	13.00		11.06	3.40	7.20	52.18
N	2.25	4.60	2.90	0.21	2.51	2.51	5.10	1.94	4.00	0.93
O	-	-	32.50	-	-	30.32	31.50		36.40
H			4.80			4.83	7.50		6.60
P	0.0024	0.13	3.07	1.93	-	1.15	0.03	2.51	3.02	12.06
K	8.27	2.64	3.54	0.03	-	13.2	0.11	0.70	0.80	0.20
Ca	0.03	5.58	3.12	6.05	0.15	3.32	0.05	1.38	4.97	24.91
Mg	0.01	1.31	1.31	0.47	0.07	0.61	0.03	1.12	1.12	0.47
Na	-	0.62	1.02	0.04	0.06	0.19	0.03	0.18	-	-
(mg/kg)
Zn	89.70	998.59	256.20	26,280.00	988.00	793.42	-	180.18	0.12	181.00
Mn	67.90	630.15				354.40		499.05	0.08	81.00
Cu	27.30	986.18	137.10	810.00	227.00	536.37		33.43	0.08	31.00
Fe	1885.16				41.46			2052.38		876.00
Cr	60.4	22.05	9.80	530.00				8.46		48.20
Pb	9.60	8.58	3.60	40.00		0.95		26.60		1.40
Cd	9.70	0.29		830.00		0.35		0.99		2.50
Al	196.30		1400.00	1800.00
As		2.1		0.002		48.17				5.2
References	Okoli et al., 2019	Song et al., 2020	Ipiales et al., 2023	Udebuani et al., 2018b	Cely et al., 2014	Meng et al., 2014	Lentz et al., 2019; Kumaragamage et al., 2016	Edo, 2023	Tsai et al., 2012	Makara and Kowalski, 2018