Safety aspects of stingless bee pot-pollen from the Philippines Cover

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Safety aspects of stingless bee pot-pollen from the Philippines

Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment

Volume 71 (2020): Issue 2 (June 2020)

By: Ma. Desiree Belina-Aldemita, Vera Fraberger, Matthias Schreiner, Konrad J. Domig and Stefano D’Amico

Open Access

|Oct 2020

Figures & Tables

Reference dose for chronic oral exposure as recommended by agencies and average estimated daily intake of the determined inorganic contaminants in pot-pollen samples produced by stingless bees (Tetragonula biroi Friese) from the PhilippinesTabelle 2_ Referenzwerte zur chronisch oralen Aufnahme und geschätzten durchschnittlichen Tagesdosis der analysierten anorganischen Kontaminanten durch philippinische Pollenproben produziert von Tetragonula biroi Friese

Element		Oral RfD or TDI (mg/kg-day) ^a	Average EDI (mg/kg-day) ^b
Aluminum	Al	0.3 (SCHEER)	8.54 × 10⁻³
Vanadium	V	V (+5): 0.009 (US EPA)	2.28 × 10⁻⁵
Chromium	Cr	Cr (+3): 1.5, Cr (+6): 0.003 (US EPA)	8.58 × 10⁻⁵
Cobalt	Co	0.0003 (RAIS), 0.01 (ATSDR)	1.66 × 10⁻⁵
Nickel	Ni	0.02 (US EPA)	1.04 × 10⁻⁴
Gallium	Ga	–	1.28 × 10⁻⁵
Arsenic	As	0.0003 (US EPA)	3.39 × 10⁻⁶
Molybdenum	Mo	0.023 (HC), 0.005 (US EPA)	4.45 × 10⁻⁵
Cadmium	Cd	0.001 (HC), 0.0005 (US EPA)	1.37 × 10⁻⁵
Barium	Ba	0.2 (US EPA)	9.81 × 10⁻⁴
Thallium	Tl	–	6.91 × 10⁻⁷
Lead	Pb	0.0036 (HC)	1.01 × 10⁻⁵

Average microbial counts of the analyzed pot-pollen samples produced by stingless bees (Tetragonula biroi Friese) from the PhilippinesTabelle 3_ Durchschnittliche ermittelte Keimzahl der untersuchten philippinischen Pollenproben produziert von Tetragonula biroi Friese

Microorganism	Lowest Limit of Detection (LLOD)	Pollen sample
Microorganism	Lowest Limit of Detection (LLOD)	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
aerobic mesophilic organisms^a	3.00	3.27 ± 0.04	3.02 ± 0.02	ND	4.54 ± 0.02	3.16 ± 0.11	3.41 ± 0.01	4.28 ± 0.02	4.73 ± 0.08
yeasts and molds^a	2.00	< 3.00	ND	ND	2.57 ± 0.03	ND	ND	ND	ND
lactic acid bacteria^a	2.00	< 3.00	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Enterobacteriaceae^a	1.00	ND	ND	ND	< 2.00	ND	ND	ND	ND
coagulase-positive Staphylococcus^a	1.00	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Bacillus spp. ^a	2.00	3.15 ± 0.03	3.06 ± 0.02	ND	3.95 ± 0.01	2.23 ± 0.13	2.29 ± 0.03	3.77 ± 0.13	4.10 ± 0.01
sulphite-reducing clostridia spores^b	0.48	1.63	ND	0.56	1.97	1.36	ND	1.88	2.18
Salmonella	ND in 5 g	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND

Inorganic contaminants in pot-pollen samples (mg/kga) produced by stingless bees (Tetragonula biroi Friese) from the PhilippinesTabelle 1_ Konzentration an anorganischen Kontaminationen von philippinischen Pollenproben (mg/kga) produziert von Tetragonula biroi Friese

Element	Pollen sample
Element	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Aluminum	Al	21.4 ± 1.4	9.5 ± 0.4	30.4 ± 2.8	93.6 ± 3.4	18.6 ± 1.1	14.9 ± 1.2	89.0 ± 7.0	132.8 ± 12.5
Vanadium	V	0.122 ± 0.016	0.064 ± 0.006	0.098 ± 0.005	0.224 ± 0.020	0.091 ± 0.009	0.083 ± 0.007	0.167 ± 0.015	0.246 ± 0.013
Chromium	Cr	0.683 ± 0.109	0.371 ± 0.045	0.299 ± 0.031	0.643 ± 0.095	0.312 ± 0.040	0.439 ± 0.055	0.888 ± 0.071	0.485 ± 0.056
Cobalt	Co	0.155 ± 0.023	0.154 ± 0.008	0.071 ± 0.005	0.058 ± 0.004	0.138 ± 0.010	0.044 ± 0.004	0.108 ± 0.005	0.069 ± 0.012
Nickel	Ni	0.874 ± 0.087	0.469 ± 0.058	0.442 ± 0.041	0.481 ± 0.056	0.511 ± 0.075	0.451 ± 0.055	0.994 ± 0.079	0.792 ± 0.096
Gallium	Ga	0.061 ± 0.018	0.076 ± 0.012	0.080 ± 0.010	0.075 ± 0.002	0.077 ± 0.006	0.079 ± 0.011	0.082 ± 0.009	0.086 ± 0.007
Arsenic	As	0.018 ± 0.004	0.017 ± 0.009	0.016 ± 0.008	0.028 ± 0.006	0.015 ± 0.006	0.019 ± 0.007	0.019 ± 0.009	0.032 ± 0.007
Molybdenum	Mo	0.141 ± 0.011	0.096 ± 0.010	0.116 ± 0.007	0.282 ± 0.039	0.275 ± 0.024	0.219 ± 0.018	0.514 ± 0.034	0.491 ± 0.020
Cadmium	Cd	0.091 ± 0.014	0.053 ± 0.006	0.153 ± 0.018	0.078 ± 0.013	0.057 ± 0.013	0.085 ± 0.012	0.074 ± 0.012	0.070 ± 0.007
Barium	Ba	23.48 ± 1.61	3.13 ± 0.26	3.41 ± 0.29	2.06 ± 0.20	4.71 ± 0.42	1.19 ± 0.11	7.05 ± 0.37	2.08 ± 0.30
Thallium	Tl	0.0030 ± 0.0004	0.0089 ± 0.0011	0.0031 ± 0.0006	0.0007 ± 0.0004	0.0083 ± 0.0019	0.0040 ± 0.0010	0.0017 ± 0.0003	0.0033 ± 0.0008
Lead	Pb	0.017 ± 0.003	0.022 ± 0.001	0.033 ± 0.002	0.108 ± 0.009	0.025 ± 0.002	0.072 ± 0.006	0.052 ± 0.006	0.155 ± 0.004

Bacteria and fungi identified in pot-pollen samples produced by stingless bees (Tetragonula biroi Friese) from the Philippines by partial 16S rDNA and 26S rDNA sequencing and/or MALDI-TOF MSTabelle 4_ Identifizierung von Mikroorganismen isoliert aus Pollenproben von stachelloser Bienen (Tetragonula biroi Friese) von den Philippinen mittels 16S rDNA/26S rDNA Sequenzierung und/oder MALDI-TOF MS

Microorganism	Pollen sample^a
Microorganism	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Bacteria
Bacillus cereus group^b	13	3	2	3	3	4	3	3
Bacillus megaterium ^b	1		2	2	1	2	1
Bacillus subtilis^b	3		5	1	4	1	2	4
Bacillus amyloliquefacie ^b	1			3	1	2	1	1
Bacillus coagulans^c						1
Bacillus pumilus clade^b,c	2	2		1	2	1	2	1
Bacillus flexus^b	1			2
Fictibacillus halophilus^c				1
Lysinibacillus fusiformis^{b, c}	1	1	1				1	2
Lysinibacillus macroides^c					1
Lysinibacillus sphaericus^c		2				1
Paenibacillus spp. ^c			1
Paenibacillus pabuli^c	1
Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus^b							1
Virgibacillus halophilus^c						1
Lactobacillus coryniformis^c								1
Pediococcus pentosaceus^b				1
Clostridium beijerinckii^b	3				1		3
Clostridium perfringens^b				4
Clostridium sordellii^b			1					2
Enterobacter hormaechei^b				2
Fungi
Alternaria sp. ^c					1
Aspergillus spp. ^c					1	1
Monascus ruber^c	1		1				1	1
Rhizopus spp. ^c				1

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/boku-2020-0009 | Journal eISSN: 2719-5430 | Journal ISSN: 0006-5471

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Language: English

Page range: 87 - 100

Submitted on: Mar 22, 2020

Accepted on: Jun 14, 2020

Published on: Oct 23, 2020

Published by: Universität für Bodenkultur Wien

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

inorganic contaminants,

microbiological quality,

Related subjects:

Life sciences, other

© 2020 Ma. Desiree Belina-Aldemita, Vera Fraberger, Matthias Schreiner, Konrad J. Domig, Stefano D’Amico, published by Universität für Bodenkultur Wien
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

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