Factors of dysbiosis and associated clinical outcomes
| Factor of dysbiosis | Associated clinical outcomes |
|---|---|
| Premature birth | Disrupted microbial colonization and hospital associated microbiota exposure Increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), sepsis, immune dysregulation, and infections. |
| Cesarean section | Altered initial microbial colonization and impaired immune maturation Increased risk of metabolic disorders, allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, infections, and obesity. |
| Lack of breastfeeding | Impaired immune maturation and reduced gut barrier function Increased risk of metabolic disorders, allergic diseases, and infections. |
| Antibiotic exposure | Decreased microbial diversity ~30%Increased risk of metabolic disorders, autoimmune diseases, allergic diseases, and asthma. |