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        <title>Biuletyn Głównej Biblioteki Lekarskiej Feed</title>
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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, The Medical Library named after S. Konopka in Warsaw</copyright>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Gut Microbiota in Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and Schizophrenia]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0013</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[BackgroundThe microbiota-gut-brain axis provides a biologically plausible framework for bidirectional communication between intestinal microorganisms and the central nervous system. Human studies have reported gut microbiota differences in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia, but the reproducibility and clinical meaning of these observations remain uncertain.ObjectiveTo critically summarize human evidence on gut microbiota composition in ASD, ADHD, and schizophrenia, and to assess clinical evidence for probiotic and synbiotic formulations and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in these disorders.MethodsA focused narrative review was conducted using PubMed and supplementary Google Scholar searches. Publications from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2024 were considered, and the final search update was completed on 28 February 2025. Forty-two publications were purposively selected and synthesized; original human studies were prioritized whenever available. Evidence was interpreted with attention to study design, sample size, medication exposure, diet, gastrointestinal symptoms, stool characteristics, sequencing and bioinformatics methods, outcome selection, safety reporting, and risk of reverse causality. Because this was a narrative rather than a systematic review, no PRISMA flow diagram, duplicate independent screening, formal study-level risk-of-bias instrument, or new quantitative pooling was used.ResultsAcross all three disorders, individual studies and meta-analyses report group-level microbiota differences, but no reproducible disorder-specific microbial signature has been established. In ASD, dietary selectivity, gastrointestinal symptoms, and stool consistency explain an important proportion of reported associations. ADHD studies are generally small and yield conflicting diversity and taxonomic findings. In schizophrenia, associations are influenced by antipsychotic exposure, metabolic status, smoking, diet, and illness chronicity. Controlled trials and meta-analyses have not shown consistent improvement in core symptoms with probiotic or synbiotic products. Early uncontrolled microbiota-transfer studies in ASD suggested possible benefits, but a 2024 randomized placebo-controlled FMT trial did not demonstrate improvement in its primary clinical outcome. Evidence for FMT in ADHD is limited to a case report, and no controlled human efficacy evidence was identified for schizophrenia. FMT carries infectious, procedural, and uncertain long-term risks.ConclusionsGut microbiota differences in ASD, ADHD, and schizophrenia should currently be regarded as associated features rather than established causes, diagnostic biomarkers, or validated therapeutic targets. Routine microbiome testing, probiotics or synbiotics for core symptoms, and FMT cannot be recommended as standard treatments for these disorders. Future studies require longitudinal designs, careful control of diet and medication, standardized laboratory methods, preregistered clinical outcomes, adequate power, external validation, and systematic safety monitoring.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Medicinal Mushrooms as Modulators of Gut Microbiota, Intestinal Barrier Integrity and the Gut–Brain Axis: A Narrative Review]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0012</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[BackgroundThe gut microbiota plays a significant role in maintaining host homeostasis by influencing metabolism, immune system function, and bidirectional communication within the gut–brain axis. Numerous studies have demonstrated a correlation between alterations in microbial composition and activity, and the development of various chronic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. In recent years, there has been a surge of scientific interest in medicinal mushrooms, particularly as natural modulators of the gut microbiota and its metabolites.ObjectiveThe objective of this review was to analyse current evidence regarding the effects of selected medicinal mushrooms–Hericium erinaceus, Ganoderma lucidum, Cordyceps militaris, and Phellinus linteus–on gut microbiota composition, intestinal barrier function, and mechanisms associated with the gut–brain axis.Materials and MethodsA narrative literature review was conducted, encompassing in vivo experimental studies, in vitro investigations, and available clinical studies evaluating the effects of the analysed mushroom species on gut microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, inflammatory markers, and metabolic and neurological outcomes.ResultsAll the analysed species of mushrooms demonstrated the ability to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota. The most frequently reported findings included an increased abundance of bacterial taxa considered beneficial to host health, such as members of the genera Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Roseburia, Blautia, and Akkermansia, accompanied by a reduction in microorganisms associated with dysbiosis and inflammation. These microbial alterations were associated with enhanced production of short-chain fatty acids, particularly butyrate and propionate, improved intestinal barrier integrity, and reduced concentrations of inflammatory markers, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The most convincing evidence regarding the modulation of the gut–brain axis was reported for Hericium erinaceus, whose supplementation was associated with improved cognitive performance, attenuation of neuroinflammation, and favourable changes in gut microbial composition. It is evident that Ganoderma lucidum has demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects, resulting in a reduction of metabolic endotoxemia and an improvement in obesity- and insulin resistance-related parameters. Cordyceps militaris has been demonstrated to have a positive influence on intestinal barrier integrity, immune regulation, and glucose metabolism. In contrast, Phellinus linteus polysaccharides have been shown to have considerable prebiotic potential, as evidenced by their ability to enhance SCFA production and improve metabolic outcomes in experimental models of type 2 diabetes.ConclusionsMedicinal mushrooms represent a promising group of natural modulators of the gut microbiota and gut–brain axis-related processes. Their biological effects include regulation of microbial composition, enhancement of beneficial microbial metabolites, improvement of intestinal barrier function, and attenuation of chronic inflammation. The most significant scientific evidence currently available supports the effects of Hericium erinaceus and Ganoderma lucidum. Despite these encouraging findings, the majority of available data originate from preclinical studies, highlighting the need for well-designed clinical trials to determine the efficacy and safety of medicinal mushroom supplementation in humans.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy in daily clinical practice – balancing benefits and potential risks: a narrative review.]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0015</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0015</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Background and AimThe introduction of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in the late 1980s revolutionized the management of acid-related diseases. However, their high efficacy and favorable safety profile have led to widespread overprescribing, with an estimated 30–50% of primary care patients taking them without clear clinical indications. This review aims to critically summarize the current state of medical knowledge regarding the clinical benefits, long-term multi-organ risks, and principles of safe PPI discontinuation based on contemporary clinical guidelines.MethodsA comprehensive review of current medical literature and official guidelines from major scientific organizations (including the American Gastroenterological Association [AGA], and the American College of Gastroenterology [ACG] concerning indications, complications, and PPI deprescribing protocols was performed.ResultsChronic PPI therapy is justified in severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD grades C and D according to the Los Angeles classification), Barrett’s esophagus (for chemoprevention of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma), hypersecretory states (e.g., Zollinger-Ellison syndrome), and gastroprotection during NSAID or anticoagulant therapy in high-risk patients. Nonetheless, prolonged acid suppression (iatrogenic hypochlorhydria) is associated with significant systemic complications. These include nutritional deficiencies (vitamin B12, iron, magnesium, calcium), progressive bone demineralization (osteoporosis and low-energy fractures), increased susceptibility to infections (C. difficile, [SIBO], community-acquired pneumonia [CAP], subclinical renal injury (acute interstitial nephritis [AIN] leading to chronic kidney disease [CKD], fundic gland polyps [FGP], and drug-drug interactions (e.g., with clopidogrel or levothyroxine). The process of deprescribing is often hindered by Rebound Acid Hypersecretion [RAHS], which simulates a recurrence of the primary disease, prompts patients to resume medication, and establishes a clinical “vicious cycle”.ConclusionsModern clinical care for patients on long-term PPI therapy demands regular re-evaluation of treatment indications. If long-term therapy is no longer justified, a structured de-escalation plan consisting of gradual dose reduction (tapering), extension of dosing intervals, and transition to on-demand therapy is required to mitigate chronic risks and prevent RAHS symptoms.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Neuroprotective Potential of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Narrative Review]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0014</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0014</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[BackgroundNeurodegenerative disorders, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), present substantial global health challenges due to a lack of disease-modifying therapies. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), traditionally used in type 2 diabetes management, have emerged as promising candidates for neuroprotection due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, suppress neuroinflammation, and support neuronal survival.ObjectiveThis narrative review aims to analyze the clinical efficacy of GLP-1 RAs in mitigating cognitive and motor deficits in patients with AD and PD.Materials and MethodsA narrative literature review was conducted, encompassing large-scale observational cohort studies, nationwide registry analyses, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and systematic reviews with meta-analyses evaluating the clinical efficacy and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Additionally, preclinical in vivo and in vitro evidence was integrated to elucidate the underlying neuroprotective pathways, focusing on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, autophagy regulation, neuroinflammation, and blood-brain barrier integrity.ResultsIn Alzheimer’s disease (AD), observational data associate GLP-1 RA therapy with up to a 63% reduction in dementia risk (RR = 0.37) in diabetic populations; however, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) point to cognitive stabilization and metabolic preservation rather than disease reversal. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), observational studies suggest a 30% lower risk of disease onset (HR = 0.70). Symptomatically, outcomes are highly dependent on drug kinetics: only short-acting formulations (such as exenatide) show statistically significant motor improvements in trials (MD = −2.93 on the MDS-UPDRS Part III). Nevertheless, clinical translation remains constrained by high study heterogeneity, short follow-up periods, and a substantial risk of patient dropout due to gastrointestinal side effects.ConclusionsGLP-1 RAs demonstrate promising neuroprotective properties in preclinical and observational studies, though a clinical dualism exists where motor benefits in PD appear highly dependent on formulation kinetics. However, robust evidence of true disease-modifying efficacy in humans remains to be established through ongoing Phase III clinical trials.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in cutaneous and mucosal melanoma: a literature review.]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0010</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0010</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Current scientific research demonstrates that cutaneous melanoma and mucosal melanoma are two distinct disease entities, considering the complexities of their diagnosis and treatment. Mucosal melanoma is characterized by a significantly poorer prognosis than cutaneous melanoma, with a 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of less than 20%. Surgical resection remains the gold standard of management; however, there is currently a paradigm shift away from routine, complication-prone completion lymph node dissection toward selective surveillance using serial ultrasound. This approach significantly improves patients’ quality of life without negatively impacting OS. Due to anatomical constraints (e.g., oral cavity, paranasal sinuses), narrow resection margins are supplemented with radiotherapy. Although this effectively reduces the risk of local recurrence, it does not prolong OS due to rapid distant metastasis, which occurs in approximately half of the patients within the first year. In systemic treatment, the standard of care involves dual immune checkpoint blockade (nivolumab plus ipilimumab) as well as BRAF/MEK and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (imatinib, nilotinib). The efficacy of immunotherapy in mucosal melanoma is significantly lower compared to that in cutaneous melanoma. The application of nivolumab plus ipilimumab yields slightly better outcomes than anti-PD-1 monotherapy; however, the proportion of patients achieving a durable response to treatment and the long-term survival rates remain highly unsatisfactory. The insufficient efficacy of current treatment paradigms highlights a critical need for the development of novel strategies. These include the broader application of Mohs micrographic surgery and the implementation of experimental therapies currently under investigation, such as anti-angiogenic treatments, oncolytic viruses, vaccines, adoptive T-cell therapies (e.g. CAR-T), bispecific antibodies (e.g. brenetafusp), and gut microbiome modulation.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Gut-Brain Axis in ADHD: A Review of Current Evidence]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0011</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0011</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder traditionally linked to monoaminergic dysregulation within the brain’s reward circuitry. Recent evidence points to the potential role of the gut-brain axis (GBA), a bidirectional communication network linking the central nervous system with the enteric microbiota. This narrative review explores the proposed associations between intestinal dysbiosis and ADHD symptoms, as well as the potential for GBA-targeted therapeutic interventions. Research suggests that individuals with ADHD may exhibit distinct microbial profiles, characterized by an increased abundance of genera such as Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides, and a depletion of anti-inflammatory taxa like Faecalibacterium. These shifts are hypothesized to contribute to “leaky gut” syndrome, potentially triggering systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation that could disrupt neural circuits responsible for executive function. Furthermore, experimental models indicate that gut microbes may modulate the availability of dopamine precursors, indirectly influencing reward processing. Preliminary clinical data suggest that “psychobiotics,” synbiotics, and targeted micronutrient supplementation (e.g., iron, zinc, and magnesium in cases of confirmed deficiencies) might serve as supportive interventions and potentially improve quality of life. While standard pharmacotherapy remains the primary treatment, GBA-focused strategies are being investigated as adjunctive therapies, offering a promising yet preliminary avenue for personalized management. Integrating these interventions may help manage common comorbidities across the lifespan, though further robust clinical trials are required.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Multimodal Imaging with MRI and [18F] FDG PET/CT in the Diagnosis and Assessment of Highly Aggressive NUT Carcinoma: A Case Study]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0009</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0009</guid>
            <pubDate>Sun, 28 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This report describes a rare and aggressive NUT carcinoma arising from paranasal sinuses. MRI and [18F] FDG PET/CT were both essential for disease evaluation. These modalities demonstrated an aggressive infiltrative growth pattern and revealed disseminated meta-static disease at initial presentation. The imaging findings directly informed therapeutic decision-making.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Overview of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0006</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0006</guid>
            <pubDate>Sun, 28 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is an inflammatory disease that remains a major challenge in otolaryngology. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on CRSwNP and provide an overview of available treatment methods. We conducted a PubMed database search and identified 86 publications relevant to this paper.CRSwNP is characterized by persistent sinonasal symptoms lasting more than 12 weeks (congestion, rhinorrhea, hyposmia) and bilateral polyps, confirmed by endoscopy or computed tomography showing inflammation. The estimated prevalence of CRSwNP ranges up to 4% in the general population and predominantly affects middle-aged patients. In most cases, CRSwNP is driven by a type 2 inflammatory response. Common comorbidities include asthma and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease.Management follows a stepwise approach, and treatment selection depends on disease severity, previous treatment response, and type 2 biomarkers. Treatment typically begins with saline irrigation and intranasal corticosteroids. Refractory cases may require short courses of systemic steroids, endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), or biologics (dupilumab, mepolizumab, omalizumab, and tezepelumab) targeting type 2 inflammation.Future research should focus on improved phenotyping and cost-effectiveness.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Determinants of Patient Satisfaction Following Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: a Narrative Review]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0007</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0007</guid>
            <pubDate>Sun, 28 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Optimizing patient satisfaction following total hip and knee arthroplasty represents a pivotal challenge in contemporary orthopaedics, contingent upon a complex interaction of clinical and psychosocial factors. A review of the literature demonstrates that patient satisfaction is determined not only by the technical parameters of the surgery but, primarily, by age, social support, psychological status (anxiety, depression), and the efficacy of pain management. A significant issue remains the gap between preoperative expectations and the actual functional outcome which, in the absence of adequate education, frequently becomes a source of dissatisfaction. The results of the analysis indicate the necessity of implementing holistic perioperative care and precise staff – patient communication, both of which, are essential for improving the subjective assessment of treatment effects and the effective management of the recovery process.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Proteus mirabilis in Urinary Tract Infections: Pathogenesis, Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0008</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0008</guid>
            <pubDate>Sun, 28 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Proteus mirabilis is an important opportunistic uropathogen responsible for complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) and healthcare-associated infections. The increasing clinical significance of this microorganism is associated with population aging, the widespread use of medical biomaterials, and the growing antimicrobial resistance among hospital-acquired strains. Urease production, swarming motility, and the ability to form crystalline biofilms play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of infection, contributing to chronic infection, struvite stone formation, and catheter encrustation.The aim of this study was to review current data regarding the epidemiology, virulence mechanisms, antimicrobial susceptibility, and contemporary treatment strategies for UTIs caused by P. mirabilis, with particular emphasis on global antimicrobial resistance trends. Analysis of the available literature indicates a worldwide increase in the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, including isolates producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), AmpC β-lactamases, and carbapenemases. Crystalline biofilm formation remains a major clinical challenge, as it limits the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy and promotes recurrent infections.Current therapeutic strategies include targeted antimicrobial therapy based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing, as well as the development of approaches targeting biofilm formation and bacterial virulence mechanisms. Effective prevention and management of P. mirabilis infections require continuous monitoring of local antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, strict control of healthcare-associated infections, and further development of novel therapeutic strategies.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Landscape of Amyloid-Targeting Therapeutics in Alzheimer's Disease Part 1: Anti-Amyloid Approaches]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0005</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0005</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The amyloid cascade hypothesis has guided Alzheimer's disease (AD) pharmacotherapy for three decades, yielding its first regulatory successes in recent years. This review summarises the mechanisms, clinical efficacy, and safety profiles of six anti-amyloid agents at different stages of development. Lecanemab, a humanized IgG1 antibody targeting soluble Aβ protofibrils, demonstrated a 27% slowing of clinical decline on the CDR-SB in the CLARITY-AD Phase 3 trial and received full FDA and conditional EMA approval. Donanemab, directed against pyroglutamate-modified deposited amyloid (pGlu-Aβ), reduced disease progression by approximately 35% in participants with low/medium tau burden in TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 2 and was approved by both agencies in 2024. Aducanumab, targeting fibrillar Aβ, produced discordant results across the twin EMERGE and ENGAGE Phase 3 studies and was voluntarily withdrawn from the market in 2024. Solanezumab, binding monomeric soluble Aβ, failed to slow cognitive decline in the A4 preclinical trial. Remternetug, a second-generation anti-pGlu-Aβ antibody capable of achieving below-threshold amyloid clearance within three months, is currently being evaluated in ongoing Phase 3 trials. Valiltramiprosate (ALZ-801), an oral small-molecule Aβ aggregation inhibitor, met its primary endpoint exclusively in the pre-specified MCI subgroup of the APOLLOE4 trial, producing a 52% slowing of cognitive decline without ARIA risk. Across all agents, early intervention in biomarker-confirmed, tau-low populations consistently yields the greatest clinical benefit.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The role of gut microbiota in human development]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0004</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0004</guid>
            <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The gut microbiota constitutes a complex ecosystem of microorganisms. Its development may begin as early as the prenatal period and is particularly intensive during the first three years of life. Key determinants of its composition include the mode of delivery, the feeding method, and exposure to antibiotics. Vaginal delivery ensures optimal colonization by bacteria from the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, whereas cesarean section promotes the dominance of hospital flora. This may increase the risk of metabolic and immunological diseases. Breast-feeding, due to the presence of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), selectively supports the growth of beneficial symbionts and the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which are essential for intestinal barrier maturation and immune system development. The article also analyzes the influence of the gut-brain axis on neurological development, indicating that dysbiosis in early childhood may be associated with disorders such as ASD or ADHD. Understanding the mechanisms of microbiota transmission and stabilization remains crucial for the prevention of lifestyle diseases and the implementation of modern probiotic therapies.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Association Between Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and ADHD/ASD: A Review of Current Evidence]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0003</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0003</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 06 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of menstrual cycle-related mood disorder, significantly impacting mental health, daily functioning, and quality of life. This review article analyzes data on the comorbidity of PMDD with ADHD and/or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Studies suggest that women with ADHD, or elevated ADHD traits, may be more likely to meet the criteria for PMDD. This association may be particularly pronounced in individuals with comorbid depression and/or anxiety. By contrast, evidence regarding ASD and PMDD remains limited and inconsistent. Although one prospective study, based on the DSM-IV criteria, reported a very high prevalence of late luteal phase dysphoric disorder in autistic women with intellectual disabilities, more recent studies in intellectually capable autistic adolescents and adults did not confirm this association. The findings regarding individuals with co-occurring ASD and ADHD also remain inconclusive. Nevertheless, current evidence warrants cautious interpretation due to methodological limitations. Further research should utilize prospective longitudinal designs, include large, inclusive cohorts (with transgender and gender diverse individuals), and stratify groups according to DSM-5 or ICD-11 criteria. It is important to carefully differentiate between PMDD and premenstrual exacerbation of ADHD symptoms, especially in ADHD population. Furthermore, studies should investigate the potentially shared pathophysiological mechanisms between PMDD and ADHD. Finally, it is important to establish tailored therapeutic protocols for optimizing care in comorbid populations.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Immunomodulatory Role of Vitamin D in Obesity]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0002</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0002</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[BackgroundObesity is fundamentally characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI), driven by hypertrophic adipocytes and macrophage infiltration that release pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6). Vitamin D, recognized as a potent immunomodulator, holds significant potential in mitigating this inflammatory cascade. This review evaluates the impact of vitamin D supplementation on the pro-inflammatory cytokine profile and metabolic parameters in patients with obesity and metabolic syndrome.MethodsA comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The analysis encompassed 31 scientific articles, including recent meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials (RCTs), focusing on the interplay between vitamin D, systemic inflammation, and obesity-related metabolic disturbances.ResultsCurrent evidence indicates that vitamin D supplementation significantly reduces systemic inflammatory markers (IL-6, hs-CRP, TNF-α) and improves insulin resistance indices (HOMA-IR) and lipid profiles. However, supplementation alone does not induce significant reductions in body mass index (BMI) or total adipose tissue volume. Furthermore, owing to vitamin D sequestration in adipose tissue and volumetric dilution, patients with obesity require personalized, high-dose regimens (often ≥4,000 IU/day) to achieve optimal serum 25(OH)D levels (30–50 ng/mL) necessary for clinical immunomodulation.ConclusionsWhile vitamin D is not a standalone weight-loss intervention, it serves as a crucial adjunctive therapy for modulating the LGCI associated with obesity. Current data do not support extrapolating these anti-inflammatory effects to a definitive reduction in cardiometabolic risk. However, achieving optimal serum levels requires personalized dosing to address altered pharmacokinetics, alongside essential lifestyle modifications, including diet and exercise.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[GLP-1 agonists in addiction therapy – review]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0001</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bgbl-2026-0001</guid>
            <pubDate>Sun, 17 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Substance use disorders (SUDs) represent a major global public health challenge, and currently available pharmacological treatments remain only moderately effective. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), widely used in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes, have recently attracted attention as potential therapeutic agents in addiction medicine due to their effects on reward-related neural pathways. The aim of this review was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of GLP-1RAs in adults with substance use disorders. A total of nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis. The available evidence suggests that semaglutide and exenatide may reduce alcohol consumption, decrease craving, and support the maintenance of nicotine abstinence, while also contributing to weight control. In contrast, clinical data regarding stimulant use disorders remain limited. Across the analysed studies, GLP-1RAs demonstrated a favourable safety profile. The most commonly reported adverse effects were mild gastrointestinal symptoms, and no significant neuropsychiatric safety concerns were identified. Overall, GLP-1RAs may represent a promising adjunctive approach in the treatment of substance use disorders. However, potential plateau effects and rebound phenomena after treatment discontinuation suggest that long-term therapeutic strategies may be required. Further large-scale randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings and to determine the optimal role of GLP-1RAs in addiction treatment.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Aggressive B-cell lymphoma with bilateral adrenal involvement and overlapping features of DLBCL and pleomorphic MCL]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bgbl-2025-0021</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 16 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[We report a rare case of extranodal NHL presenting with bilateral adrenal involvement and multiple additional sites of disease. A 71-year-old female, presenting with weakness and unexplained weight loss, was found to have large nodular masses in both adrenal glands. During the subsequent diagnostic workup, the patient’s condition rapidly deteriorated. [18F]FDG PET/CT confirmed a generalized neoplastic process of unknown primary origin. Biopsy revealed an aggressive B-cell lymphoma with an aberrant immunophenotype, combining features characteristic of both DLBCL, NOS, ABC-type and the pleomorphic variant of MCL. Unfortunately, the patient succumbed to the disease just a few days after the initial diagnosis was established. This case highlights the potential for aggressive lymphomas to present with non-specific, oligosymptomatic initial features and presents how rapidly clinical deterioration can occur.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Cutaneous manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a 2-year-old boy – A case report]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bgbl-2025-0020</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bgbl-2025-0020</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 10 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[A case report of a 2-year-old boy with cutaneous symptoms of a Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. This clinical example highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach, as atypical symptoms of this pathogen are being reported with increasing frequency and are pivotal in determining the most appropriate treatment.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Unveiling the Uterine Niche: The Impact of Isthmocele on Subsequent Pregnancy Outcomes]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bgbl-2025-0018</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bgbl-2025-0018</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 10 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Caesarean section is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in women worldwide. One of its long-term complications is isthmocele, a defect in the caesarean section scar, also known as a niche or diverticulum. Despite the lack of clear diagnostic criteria, isthmocele is most often defined as a ≥2 mm depression in the uterine muscle at the site of the caesarean section scar, assessed by transvaginal ultrasound or other imaging techniques. The prevalence of the niche is difficult to estimate and depends on the population, time of assessment and diagnostic method. The aetiology of isthmocele is multifactorial, including abnormal suturing technique, low uterine incision, uterine retroversion, and wound healing disorders. In most women, the changes are asymptomatic, but some report intermenstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, or infertility. The niche may also increase the risk of complications in subsequent pregnancies, such as placenta praevia, placenta accreta spectrum, uterine rupture, or cesarean scar pregnancy. There are no clear guidelines for delivery after caesarean section with isthmocele; decisions are made on an individual basis, based on the thickness of the residual muscle. Surgical treatment-laparoscopic or hysteroscopic-can improve anatomical parameters and clinical symptoms, and modifying the technique of suturing the uterus during caesarean section can reduce the risk of niche formation.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Application of Raman spectroscopy in dentistry: current state of knowledge, future developments and clinical potential]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bgbl-2025-0016</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bgbl-2025-0016</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 10 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Raman spectroscopy (RS) is an advanced optical technique that enables rapid, non-invasive, and highly specific chemical analysis of tissues and materials at the molecular level. In dentistry, RS shows significant clinical promise across various fields, including diagnostics, treatment monitoring, biomaterial assessment, and oral oncology. The technique allows for early detection of caries, real-time evaluation of biofilm, and monitoring of tissue regeneration processes after surgical interventions. Additionally, RS plays a crucial role in orthodontics, prosthodontics, and periodontology by offering insights into changes in mineral content, collagen structure, and interactions at the material–tissue interface. Despite challenges such as signal weakness, fluorescence interference, and cost, advances in RS technologies—including signal amplification methods and portable devices—are expanding its accessibility and clinical utility. Integration with artificial intelligence and multimodal imaging techniques further enhances the diagnostic potential of RS. This review outlines the current state of knowledge on RS in dentistry, discusses technological developments, and highlights its future clinical applications.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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            <title><![CDATA[Resuscitation in palliative care – is it always a straightforward issue? A Case Report]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bgbl-2025-0019</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bgbl-2025-0019</guid>
            <pubDate>Wed, 10 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[AimThis article presents a case study of a 73-year old chronically bedridden woman from a stationary hospice, with pressure sores, a history of multiple sclerosis, hypothyroidism, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, who was admitted to the emergency department following cardiac arrest, with return of spontaneous circulation after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by the hospice physician.MethodsCase study. Data concerning the patient were obtained from medical records and from an interview conducted during hospitalization at the Lady Sue Ryder Hospice of Warsaw in Zielona Góra. Treatment was carried out in accordance with current guidelines of relevant scientific societies. The patient provided written informed consent for the publication of this case report, and all personal data were anonymized.DiscussionPalliative care in Poland provides medical, psychological, and social support for patients with advanced, life-limiting diseases. Services are delivered in inpatient units, outpatient clinics, and home setting. Admission criteria are quite strict (given limited bed availability), typically advanced oncological or non-oncological conditions with irreversible symptom progression. In this case, the patient, chronically bedridden with multiple comorbidities and pressure sores, was initially admitted to hospice care. Following interventions - including dual-chamber pacemaker implantation, neurological and endocrine treatment, and rehabilitation - her condition improved to the extent that she no longer met the criteria for inpatient hospice admission. As she remained hemodynamically stable, cognitively coherent, and able to participate in therapy, transfer to a long-term care facility with continued rehabilitation was considered the most appropriate course of action.ConclusionThe case illustrates the complexity of decision-making in palliative and hospice care. Successful resuscitation and subsequent medical interventions enabled the continuation of long-term care with rehabilitation. The findings underscore the importance of holistic clinical assessment and flexible care pathways tailored to the patient’s evolving condition.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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