The role of gut microbiota in human development

The gut microbiota constitutes a complex ecosystem of microorganisms. Its development may begin as early as the prenatal period and is particularly intensive during the first three years of life. Key determinants of its composition include the mode of delivery, the feeding method, and exposure to antibiotics. Vaginal delivery ensures optimal colonization by bacteria from the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, whereas cesarean section promotes the dominance of hospital flora. This may increase the risk of metabolic and immunological diseases. Breast-feeding, due to the presence of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), selectively supports the growth of beneficial symbionts and the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which are essential for intestinal barrier maturation and immune system development. The article also analyzes the influence of the gut-brain axis on neurological development, indicating that dysbiosis in early childhood may be associated with disorders such as ASD or ADHD. Understanding the mechanisms of microbiota transmission and stabilization remains crucial for the prevention of lifestyle diseases and the implementation of modern probiotic therapies.