Abstract
A bacterial biofilm is a spatially organized structure composed of microorganisms surrounded by an extracellular matrix (EPS – Extracellular Polymeric Substances). Bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa are capable of forming biofilms. In a biofilm, microorganisms function as an organized community, which provides protection against harmful environmental factors, including the action of antibiotics and disinfectants. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections, and biofilm plays a key role in their pathogenesis. It is estimated that up to 60% of UTI cases are associated with the presence of biofilm, which significantly complicates treatment and contributes to disease recurrence.
The ability of bacteria to adhere to the epithelium of the urinary tract and form biofilms on artificial surfaces, such as urinary catheters, is of particular importance. The process of biofilm formation on a catheter begins almost immediately after it is inserted into the bladder, significantly increasing the risk of infection. For this reason, it is crucial to follow aseptic techniques during catheterization, use closed systems, and ensure proper placement of the urine bag below the level of the bladder.
The presence of biofilm in the urinary tract not only complicates the elimination of pathogens but also promotes the development of antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens, further complicating therapy and prolonging recovery time. Biofilm serves as a permanent reservoir of microorganisms, often leading to chronic infections and their recurrence. Understanding the mechanisms of biofilm formation and its role in UTIs is essential for developing more effective methods of prevention and treatment of these common and troublesome infections.