Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Physicochemical characteristics of meat from European native pig breeds
| Country | Breed | SW, kg | pH45 min | pH24h | L* | a* | b* | Cooking loss, % | WBSF, N, kg, kg/cm2 | Drip loss, % | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Cinta Senese | 127–147 | 6.2–6.4 | 5.82–5.78 | 46–50.1 | 11–14.9 | 2.9–5.4 | 17.9–30.3 | 94.14–99.87 N, 10.17 kg | 0.7–2.14 | Pugliese et al. (2005), Sirtori et al. (2014), Aquilani et al. (2019) |
| Apulo-Calabrese | 144.2 | - | - | 46.2–49.3 | 3.9–7.1 | 5.8–6.1 | - | - | - | Caparra et al. (2023), Scerra et al. (2024) | |
| Nero Siciliano | 62–121 | 6.18–6.29 | - | 46.7–50.1 | 14.7–15.3 | 4.9–5.8 | 23.5 | 9.99–10.11 kg | - | Pugliese et al. (2004) | |
| Mora Romagnola | 193 | 6,57 | 6,15 | 42,3 | 8,7 | 2,2 | - | - | - | Fortina et al. (2005) | |
| Spanish | Iberian | 152–190 | - | 5,62 | 39.8–41.7 | 8.7–11.3 | 6.4–13.6 | 24,1 | 4.33 kg/cm2 | - | Serrano et al. (2008), Fernández-Barroso et al. (2020), Tejeda et al. (2020) |
| Porco Celta | 167.3 | - | 5–46–5.55 | 47.3–50.7 | 10.4–13.1 | 10.7–11.7 | 19.7–21.9 | 3.64–3.8 kg/cm2 | 1.8–2.7 | Franco et al. (2014;2016) | |
| France | Gasconne | ~173.3 | 6,34 | 5.57–5.6 | 44–44.7 | 9.7–10.04 | 3.5–3.8 | 14,5 | 24.3 N | 1,7 | Mercat et al. (2019), Lebret et al. (2021) |
| Portugal | Alentejano | ~100 | - | 5.57–5.7 | 49.4–50.8 | 10.3–15.2 | 3.6–8.7 | 17.7–26.9 | 26.6 N | 1,3 | Martins et al. (2020;2021) |
| Bisaro | 79 | - | 5,44 | 55.1–55.7 | 3.4–7.8 | 4–10.9 | 28,9 | 47.4 N | 3,8 | Martins et al. (2020), Teixeira et al. (2021) | |
| Slovenia | Krskopolje | nd | 6,33 | 5.6–5.71 | 50,4 | 6,6 | 0,9 | 26,9 | 53.2 N | 4,2 | Čandek-Potokar et al. (2003), Lukač et al. (2019), Tomažin et al. (2018) |
| Poland | Pulawska | ~100 | 6.10–6.78 | 5.58–5.63 | 52.1–53.17 | 3.1–15.9 | 0.8–16.1 | 20.41–35.9 | 3.7–5.62 kg/cm2 | 1.7–24.89 | Wojtysiak & Połtowicz (2014), Bogucka & Kapelański (2016), Debrecéni et al. (2018), Milczarek et al. (2019), Milczarek (2021) |
| Zlotnicka Spotted | 107 | 6.38–6.57 | 5.56–5.67 | 47.9–49.3 | 4.77–17.2 | 2.5–5.04 | 27.46–29.36 | 43.61 N/cm2 | 2.36–3.4 | Grześkowiak et al. (2009), Bogucka & Kapelański (2016), Bocian et al. (2012), Szulc et al. (2012) | |
| Zlotnicka White | >70 | 6,38 | 5.53–5.72 | 43.9–49.54 | 6.3–14.23 | 3.34–4.9 | 22.76–27.62 | - | 3,4 | Grześkowiak et al. (2009), Migdał et al. (2017) | |
| Czech Republic | Prestice Black Pied Pig | 94.2–115.2 | 6.29 | 5.65 | 50.54 | 1.28 | 10.63 | 2.95 | Nevrkla, Václavková & Rozkot (2021) | ||
| Croatia | Black Slavonian pig | ~153.8 | 5,82 | 49,9 | 20 | 4,7 | - | - | - | Karolyi et al. (2004) | |
| Hungary | Blond Mangalitsa | 110–140 | 6.25–6.37 | 5.72–5.74 | 40.3–54 | 4–11.76 | 5.3–11.4 | 18,49 | 43.1 N | 5,9 | Tomović et al. (2016), Imrich et al. (2019) |
| Mangalica in general | 75–120 | 6,1 | 5.47–5.64 | 39.1–50.1 | 2.7–38.2 | 10.4–14.6 | 2.7–26.9 | 42.6 N, 5.05 kg | 4.8–8.8 | Stanišić et al. (2015), Radović et al. (2017), Debrecéni et al. (2018), Charlton et al. (2022), Nchama et al. (2023) | |
Fattening and slaughter parameters of European native pig breeds
| Country | Breed | SW, kg | ADG, g | BF, mm last rib | BF, mm gluteus medius | DY, % | M, % | LMY, % | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Cinta Senese | 127–147 | 416 | - | 20–49.3 | 82 | - | 72–76 | Pugliese et al. (2005), Sirtori et al. (2014) |
| Apulo-Calabrese | 144–157 | 359–413 | - | - | 83 | - | - | Micari et al. (2009), Scerra et al. (2024) | |
| Mora Romagnola | 193 | 376 | 57,1 | 62,1 | 80,4 | - | 39 | Fortina et al. (2005) | |
| Nero Siciliano | 62–121 | 162–600 | 39,1 | 39–49 | 79.1–82.5 | - | 40 | Pugliese et al. (2004), Liotta et al. (2005), Bozzi et al. (2019) | |
| Spain | Iberian | 152–190 | 563 | 7.63–80 | 65 | 77.9–81.2 | - | - | Tejeda et al. (2020), Serrano et al. (2009), Ayuso et al. (2018) |
| Porc Negre Mollorquí | 158 | 410 | 72 | 66 | 80,4 | - | - | Tibau et al. (2019) | |
| Porco Celta | 167.3 | - | 41.6–43.6 | 48,7 | 80,5 | - | - | Franco et al. (2014) | |
| France | Gasconne | ~175.3 | 439–472 | 44.7–47 | 46.1–49 | 78.7–80 | - | - | Mercat et al. (2019), Lebret et al. (2021) |
| Portugal | Alentejana | 100 | 333–583 | 38.1–55.6 | 39,4 | 73.3–80.9 | - | - | Freitas et al. (2007), Charneca et al. (2019), Martins et al. (2021) |
| Bisaro | 79 | 396 | 17–21,1 | - | 75.2–76.8 | - | - | Álvarez-Rodríguez Teixeira (2019), Charneca et al. (2019) | |
| Slovenia | Krskopolje | nd | - | 29 | 35.4–36.4 | 79.6–81.1 | - | 43–46 | Čandek-Potokar et al. (2003), Tomažin et al. (2018), Lukač et al.(2019) |
| Poland | Pulawska | ~100 | 638–810 | 23 | 12.73–28.86 | 75.33–80 | 49.4–56.11 | - | Wojtysiak & Połtowicz (2014), Debrecéni et al. (2018), Babicz et al. (2020), Milczarek (2021) |
| Zlotnicka Spotted | 107 | 590 | 41,3 | 28.9–34.96 | 76.51–80.5 | 41.83–46.28 | - | Kapelański et al. (2006), Grześkowiak et al. (2009), Bocian et al. (2012), Szulc et al. (2012) | |
| Zlotnicka White | >70 | - | 27,7 | 34,7 | 46,3 | - | Grześkowiak et al. (2009) | ||
| Czech Republic | Prestice Black Pied Pig | 94.2–115.2 | ~480 | 36.07–43.21 | 48.76–48.94 | Nevrkla, Václavková & Rozkot (2021) | |||
| Croatia | Black Slavonian pig | ~135 | - | 55 | 82 | - | 15–43 | Butko et al. (2007), Senčić et al. (2013), Kušec et al. (2019) | |
| Hungary | Blond Mangalitsa | 140–150 | 369 | - | - | - | - | 27 | Tomović et al. (2016), Nchama et al. (2023) |
| Mangalica in general term | 75–120 | 268–299 | - | 50.5–57 | 73–81.5 | - | - | Parunović et al. (2012), Hoha et al. (2016), Radović et al. (2017), Debrecéni et al. (2018), Charlton et al. (2022) | |
| Ukraine | Mirgorod | 100 | 632 | 30,9 | - | 72,5 | 50,4 | - | Tsereniuk et al. (2023) |
Protein, intramuscular fat content, total MUFA and PUFA fatty acids, and the n-6/n-3 ratio in LTL muscle in European native pig breeds
| Country | Breed | SW, kg | Rearing conditions | Protein, % | IMF, % | n-6/n-3 PUFA | Total MUFA (% of total FA) | Total PUFA (% of total FA) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Cinta Senese | 84 | outdoor | 23.09 | 6.66 | 12.5 | - | - | Aquilani et al. (2019) |
| 130 | indoor | 23.03 | 2.32 | 24.4 | 49.9 | 11.2 | Pugliese et al. (2013) | ||
| Apulo-Calabrese | 84.8 | outdoor | 20.66 | 1.86 | 8.2 | - | - | Caparra et al. (2023) | |
| 144–157 | indoor | 22 | 1.91–2.09 | 15.5*–2 | 48.8 | 12.4 | Aboagye et al. (2020), Scerra et al. (2024) | ||
| Nero Siciliano | 62–121 | outdoor | 22.24 | 5.77 | 10.7 | 53.3 | 10.9 | Pugliese et al. (2004) | |
| indoor | 23.42 | 6.25 | 18.3 | 42.2 | 14.4 | ||||
| Mora Romagnola | 193 | indoor | 23.3 | 6.1 | 47.6 | 11 | Fortina et al. (2005) | ||
| Spanish | Iberian | 152 | free range traditional system | 22.44 | 6.6 | - | 57.1 | 6.8 | Tejeda et al. (2020) |
| 145 | indoor | 21.5–21.6 | 6.61–8.6 | 17.7 | 52 | 6.5 | Pardo et al. (2021), Serrano et al. (2008) | ||
| Porco Celta | 167.3 | outdoor | 22.65 | 5.22 | 17.9 | 49.6 | 7.6 | Franco et al. (2014) | |
| France | Gasconne | ~175.3 | outdoor | 23.07 | 2.7 | 6.1–6.26 | 53.7 | 6.6 | Mercat et al. (2019) |
| Portugal | Alentejano | ~150 | outdoor | 23.6 | 6.9 | - | - | Martins et al. (2020) | |
| Bisaro | ~150 | outdoor | 23 | 6 | - | - | |||
| Slovenia | Krskopolje | nd | indoor | 23.2 | 2.81 | 15.7 | 47.5 | 11.6 | Lukač et al. (2019), Tomažin et al. (2018) |
| Poland | Pulawska | ~100 | indoor | 22.72–23.3 | 1.9–5.5 | 8.89–29.4 | 56.5 | 3.4 | Debreceni et al. (2018), Milczarek et al. (2021) |
| Zlotnicka Spotted | 107 | indoor | 23.27–25.2 | 2.04–2.6 | 10.78–12.94 | 49.4 | 11.1 | Grześkowiak et al. (2009), Debreceni et al. (2018) | |
| Zlotnicka White | >70 | indoor | 24.5 | 1.87 | 10.73 | 47.4 | 12.9 | Grześkowiak et al. (2009) | |
| Czech Republic | Prestice Blac Pied | 94.2–115.2 | indoor | 20.12 | 2.29 | 6.7 | 44.07 | 13.37 | Nevrkla, Václavková & Rozkot (2021); Belkova et al. 2023 |
| Croatia | Black Slavonian pig | ~135 | outdoor | 21.25 | 5.9 | Butko et al. (2007) | |||
| indoor | 21.3 | 4.95 | |||||||
| Hungary | Blond Mangalitsa | 110–140 | indoor | 21.83–24.64 | 1.34–5.86 | Tomović et al. (2016), Imrich et al. (2020) | |||
| Mangalica in general | 75–120 | outdoor | 21.45–21.7 | 7.57 | 9.2–12.97 | 44.8–55.5 | 6.5–15.6 | Parunović et al. (2012), Debrecéni et al. (2018) | |
| 75–120 | indoor | 19–24.1 | 1.9 | 17.92–37.3 | 57.2 | 5.9 | Parunović et al. (2012), Nchama et al. (2023) | ||
Native pig breeds in selected European countries: population data and number of breeding females (FAO, 2024)
| Country | Breed | Total number of animals | Number of breeding females |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOUTH-WEST EUROPE | |||
| Italy | Cinta Senese | 1 992 (update 2023) | 692 (update 2023) |
| Apulo-Calabrese | 4 230 (update 2023) | 704 (update 2023) | |
| Mora Romagnola | 1 233 (update 2023) | 259 (update 2023) | |
| Nero Siciliano | 6 281 (update 2023) | 698 (update 2023) | |
| Spain | Iberian | 3 613 123 (2024) | 564 749 (2024) |
| Negra Canaria | 2 276 (2024) | 614 (2024) | |
| Porc Negre | 1 482 (2024) | 1 372 (2024) | |
| Mollorquí Porco Celta | 4 173 (2024) | 433 (2024) | |
| France | Gasconne | 1 760 (2024) | 1 591 (2024) |
| Portugal | Alentejana | 27 953 (2024) | 3 639 (2024) |
| Bisaro | 38 772 (2024) | 5 028 (2024) | |
| Malhado de Alcobaça | 3 301 (2024) | 429 (2024) | |
| CENTRAL EUROPE | |||
| Slovenia | Krskopolje | 2 006 (2024) | 296 (2024) |
| Poland | Pulawska | 3 404 (2024) | 2 488 (2024) |
| Zlotnicka Spotted | 1 056 (2024) | 936 (2024) | |
| Zlotnicka White | 1 214 (2024) | 1 058 (2024) | |
| Czech Republic | Prestice Black Pied | 900 (2022) | 394 (2022) |
| Belarus | Belorussion Large White | 2 958 300 (2006) | No data |
| Croatia | Black Slavonian pig | 3 200 (2023) | 2 143 (2023) |
| Hungary | Blond Mangalitsa | 3 385 (2023) | 3 332 (2023) |
| Red Mangalitsa | 1 542 (2023) | 1 503 (2023) | |
| Serbia | Mangalitsa | 4000 (2023) | 1954 (2023) |
| Ukraine | Mirgorod | 2 757 (2019) | 150 (2019) |
| Poltavian Meat | 1 392 (2023) | 130 (2023) | |
| Ukrainian Steppe White | 1 513 (2023) | 174 (2023) | |