Figure 1.
Research methodology diagram
Figure 2.
Scheme for creating query combinations
Table 1.
Information on tool inventories to support the introduction of the NbS, own study [25, 26, 32, 34–39]
| No. | Inventory name | Source link | Main theme | Form | Languages | Source of origin | Geographic scope | Numb er of tools | Year of completion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | NbS Tools Catalogue | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5541252 | Nature-based Solutions | Excel database | English | Netherlands | Europe | 70 | 2020 |
| 2 | Nature-based Solutions Resource Guide Compendium of federal examples, guidance, resource documents, tools, and technical assistance | https://www.preventionweb.net/media/85702/download?startDownload=20250901 | Naturebased Solutions | Document pdf | English | USA | Worldwide | 177 | 2022 |
| 3 | Accelerating Climate Ambition and Impact: Toolkit for mainstreaming Nature Based Solutions into Nationally Determined Contributions | https://climatepromise.undp.org/sites/default/files/research_report_document/Toolkt_for_Mainstreaming_Nature-based_Solutions_into_Nationally_DeterminedContributions.pdf | Naturebased Solutions | Document pdf | English | USA | Worldwide | 114 | 2019 |
| 4 | REACHOUT shaping climate resilient cities | https://reachout-cities.eu/ | Urban resilience | Website | English, Greek, Italian, Norwegian, Spanish, Polish | European Union | European Union | 18 | 2025 |
| 5 | Ecosystem-based Adaptation Tools Navigator: A searchable database of tools and methods relevant to EbA | https://www.adaptationcommunity.net/publications/neweba-tools-navigator-in-english-spanish-and-french/ | Ecosystembased Adaptati on | Excel database and website | English | Germany | Worldwide | 245 | 2019 |
| 6 | Research on Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA): A reference guide | https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/research-ecosystem-based-adaptation-eba-reference-guide | Ecosystembased Adaptati on | Document pdf | English | Germany | Worldwide | 12 | 2019 |
| 7 | Tools for developing Green Infrastructure Networks | https://webassets.eurac.edu/31538/1661510195-d-t1-1-2_tools-for-developing-green-infrastructure-networks.pdf | Green infrastructure | Document pdf | English | Italy | European Union | 20 | 2020 |
| 8 | Guidance for Greater Manchester – Embedding Green Infrastructure Principles | https://greatermanchesterca.gov.uk/GMCAFiles/PFE/Supporting% 20documents/07%20Greener%20Places/07.01.02%20Guidance%20for%20Greater%20Manchester%20-%20Embedding%20Green%20Infrastructure%20 Principles.pdf | Green infrastructure | Document pdf | English | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | 15 | 2019 |
| 9 | IUCN Urban Toolbox: A catalogue of knowledge products on urban biodiversity | https://iucn.org/sites/default/files/2023-11/iucn-urban-tool-box_final_compressed-compresso_0.pdf | Urban biodiversity | Document pdf | English | Switzerland | Worldwide | 11 | 2023 |
Figure 3.
Number of tools containing websites with expired URL links in the inventories, own study
Figure 4.
Number of non-functioning tools in the inventories, own study
Figure 5.
Number of tools in each category and their links, own study
Figure 6.
Number of language versions of tools, own study
Figure 7.
Number of tools possible to use for areas in Poland and in the cities of the GZM Metropolis, own study
Table 2.
Overview of the main tools classifications, own study
| No. | Inventory | Type of tool/Type of resource | Phase/Stages/Needs | Objective/Adaptation challenges | Climate hazards | Themes/Benefits addressed | Spatial scale | Target group (users) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | NbS Tools Catalogue | |||||||
| 2 | Nature-based Solutions Resource Guide | |||||||
| 3 | Accelerating Climate Ambition and Impact | |||||||
| 4 | REACHOUT shaping climate resilient cities | |||||||
| 5 | Ecosystem-based Adaptation Tools Navigator | |||||||
| 6 | Research on Ecosystem-based Adaptation | |||||||
| 7 | Tools for developing Green Infrastructure Networks | |||||||
| 8 | Guidance for Greater Manchester | |||||||
| 9 | IUCN Urban Toolbox |
Figure 8.
Decision-making scheme to support the selection of an appropriate tool, own study