Table 1.
Ratios and measurements (in µm) of heat relaxed specimens of Pelodera strongyloides collected from Lucanus ibericus in Georgia.
| Character | Females | Males | 3rd juvenile stage | P. strongyloides (Schneider, 1866) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 20 | 20 | 22 | 11 |
| Body length | 1566 ± 120 (1353-1867) | 1280 ± 100 (1080-1494) | 663 ± 51 (566-772) | 1629 (1142-2149) |
| Body width | 96 ± 10 (75-112 | 62 ± 4.8 (55-70) | 30 ± 2.4 (25-35) | 107 (80-132) |
| Lip region diam | 19 ± 1.6 (16-22 | 17 ± 1.5 (15-20) | – | – |
| Stoma length | 31 ± 1 (30-32) | 29 ± 2.2 (25-32) | 24 ± 1.7 (22-30) | 33 (30-38) |
| Stoma diam | 5.1 ± 0.4 (5.0-6.2) | 4.7 ± 0.4 (3.7-5.0) | 2.6 ± 0.4 (2.5-3.7) | – |
| Anterior end to nerve ring | 178 ± 6 (172-197) | 155 ± 10 (137-175) | 102 ± 6 (92-120) | – |
| Stoma length as % pharynx length | 12.2 ± 0.4 (11-13) | 13 ± 1.2 (11-15) | 16 ± 0.8 (14-17) | – |
| Pharynx length | 252 ± 5 (237-257) | 219 ± 17 (192-250) | 152 ± 6 (142-177) | – |
| Corpus length | 144 ± 7 (135-162) | 122 ± 10 (107-137) | 87 ± 2 (80-92) | – |
| Corpus as % pharynx length | 56 ± 2.3 (53-63) | 55 ± 2 (50-59) | 57 ± 2.5 (52-61) | – |
| Median bulb (MB) diam | 27 ± 2.1 (22-30) | 30 ± 4.9 (20-37) | 11 ± 0.8 (10-12) | – |
| Terminal bulb (TB) diam | 39 ± 4.1 (32-47) | 34 ± 2.7 (32-40) | 15 ± 0.6 (12-17) | 36-50 |
| MB diam. as % TB diam | 77 ± 9.5 (54-88) | 79 ± 6.8 (62-93) | – | – |
| Anterior end to excretory pore | 236 ± 14 (212-270) | 205 ± 13 (164-227) | 130 ± 10 (110-150) | 235 (183-295) |
| Ex. pore posit. as % phar. length | 93 ± 5 (83-105) | 93 ± 8 (75-109) | 85 ± 6.7 (75-98) | – |
| Tail length | 69 ± 11 (52-95) | 53 ± 5 (45-62) | 72 ± 4 (65-82) | – |
| Anal (cloacal) body width (ABW) | 40 ± 3 (32-47) | 37 ± 3 (32-42) | 19 ± 1.8 (16-22) | – |
| Gonad lengtha | 1285 ± 198 (995-1658) | 956 ± 87 (747-1268) | – | 890 (653-1157) |
| Gonad length as % body length | 82 ± 15 (61-107) | 72 ± 5 (66-82) | – | 46-63 |
| Gonad length. as % intestine leng.b | 108 ± 23 (72-143) | 93 ± 11 (69-110 ) | – | – |
| Anterior gonad branch length | 800 ± 104 (555-928) | – | – | – |
| Posterior branch length | 546 ± 128 (290-794) | – | – | – |
| Testis flexure length | – | 201 ± 49 (123-260) | – | – |
| Ant. flexure as % of ant. branch | 33 ± 3 (26-42) | 17 ± 4 (13-24) | – | – |
| Post. flex. as % of post. branch | 27 ± 6 (13-34) | – | – | – |
| Sperm diameter | n.d. | 5 ± 0.6 3. (7-7.5) | – | – |
| Egg length | 60 ± 3.4 (55-67) | – | – | – |
| Egg diam | 41 ± 4 (35-47) | – | – | – |
| Rectum length | 38 ± 3.2 (30-42) | n.d. | 24 ± 1.5 (22-25) | – |
| Rectum length/ABW | 0.9 ± 0.1 (0.8-1.3) | n.d. | 0.9 ± 0.1 (7-1.2) | – |
| Anus to phasmid distance | 23 ± 1.8 (20-27) | n.d. | – | – |
| Anus to phasmid distance/ABW | 0.6 ± 0.05 (0.4-0.7) | n.d. | – | – |
| Posit. phasmid as % tail length | 35 ± 6 (27-48) | – | – | 32-61 |
| Spicule length | – | 66 ± 3 (60-72) | – | 55-82 |
| Gubernaculum length | – | 44 ± 2.2 (40-50) | – | – |
| Gubern. leng. as % spic. length | – | 66 ± 4.5( 60-78) | – | – |
| a | 16.3 ± 2 (13.5-20.3) | 20.7 ± 1 (19-23.1) | 22.3 ± 1.5 (19.3-25.8) | 15.1 (12-18.7) |
| b | 6.1 ± 0.4 (5.4-7) | 5.8 ± 0.5 (5.1-7) | 4.2 ± 0.2 (3.7-4.7) | 6.2 (4.9-7.6) |
| c | 23 ± 3.4 (17.6-32.2) | 24.3 ± 2.8 (20.5-30.4) | 9.1 ± 0.5 (8-10) | 33 (26.3-37.9) |
| c′ (= tail length/ABW) | 1.6 ± 0.6 (1.3-2.2) | 1.3 ± 0.1 (1.2-1.7) | 3.7 ± 0.3 (3.2-4.5) | – |
| V (vulva posit. in % body length) | 57 ± 1.9 (51.8-59.1) | – | – | 58 (55-64) |
Table 2.
Data matrix for cluster analysis of the species of Pelodera ‘strongyloides’ groupa.
| Characters | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P. cutanea | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| P. nidicolis | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| P. orbitalis | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| P. strongyloides | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| P. strongyloides ex Lucanus ibericus | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| P. termitis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ? | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| P. scrofulata | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1 Note: aData and explanation of state characters are in Tahseen et al. (2014).
Figure 1:
Pelodera strongyloides – Female. A: En face view; B: Anterior region (lateral); C: Pharyngeal bulb (lateral); D: Tail region; E: T region in ventral view; F: Vulval region in lateral view (sphincter, uterus, eggs). Male. G: Bursa (ventral); H: Tail (lateral); I: Aberrations of spicules, (ventral); J: Gubernaculum (ventral); K: Bursa (lateroventral). Scales (in μm): A, B = 10; C, D, E, F, I, J, H, K = 22.5.
Figure 2:
Pelodera strongyloides – Dauer larva. A: Anterior region, lateral; B: Pharyngeal basal bulb; C: Caudal region, in lateral view; third juvenile stage. D: Anterior region, in ventral view; E: Pharyngeal basal bulb; F: Caudal region, in ventral view. Scale bar = 10 μm.
Figure 3:
Pelodera strongyloides light photomicrographs – Female. A: Anterior end, lateral; B: Pharyngeal basal bulb; C: Vulval region, in lateral view; D: Tail region; E: Entire female; F: Pharyngeal region; Male. G: Tail, in lateral view; H: Tail, in ventral view; I: Excised spicules with gubernaculum; J, K: Tail, in lateroventral view; L: Cells of the spermatheca. Scales (in μm): A, B, I, K, L = 16; C, F, H = 50; E = 250; D, G, J = 22.5.
Figure 4:
Phylogenetic tree of D2 to D3 expansion domains of 28S rRNA gene describing the evolutionary relationships among different geographical populations of Georgian Pelodera strongyloides under the maximum likelihood criterion. Values at nodes indicate bootstrap support.
Figure 5:
Restriction profiles of the ITS region of Georgian Pelodera strongyloides separated on 2.5% agarose gel. M: 100 bp DNA ladder; P) Pst I; D) Dde I; R) Rsa I; A) Alu I; H) Hinf I.