Swine manure application enriches the soil food web in corn and soybean production

	2009								2010
	Pi	^b	P45d		Pm		Pf		Pi		Pm		Pf
Crop sequence ^c
Corn-Sus	1,077		3,056		601		309	C	545	B	743		962
Res-Sus	1,020		2,923		523		732	A	830	A	846		968
Sus-Sus	1,125		3,500		628		525	B	715	AB	698		888
Fertilizer
None	1,070		1,879	b	316	b	453	b	560	b	700	b	916
Manure	1,057		5,716	a	1,198	a	690	a	931	a	887	a	1,053
PK	1,095		1,883	b	237	b	424	b	599	b	700	b	849
ANOVA (F-value)
Crop (C)	0.30		0.11		0.49		24.39	**	4.83	*	0.70		0.33
Site (S) × C	0.38		0.62		0.72		0.30		2.53		0.31		0.68
Fertilizer (F)	0.34		28.23	**	70.73	**	13.08	**	24.70	**	3.72	*	2.32
S × F	1.92		0.85		0.15		0.30		1.01		1.48		0.17
F × C	0.64		1.42		2.34		2.44		2.55		0.35		1.52
S × F × C	3.62	*	0.52		0.47		0.52		1.06		0.84		0.35

1 Notes: ^aPi, P45d, Pm, and Pf are mean population densities (nematodes/100 cm³ soil) prior to applying fertilizer or planting, 45 d after planting, at midseason (about 2 months after planting), and at harvest, respectively; ^b * and ** represent significant effects at P ⩽ 0.05 and P ⩽ 0.01. Values followed by different letters in the same column within the same treatment are significantly different according to Fischer’s least significance test at P < 0.05; ^ccrop sequence treatments of SCN-susceptible soybean (Sus), SCN-resistant soybean (Res), or corn for 2009 crop-2010 crop.

Colonizer-persister group 1 bacterivores as affected fertilizer treatments by sampling date combined across SCN-conducive and suppressive sites. Fertilizer treatment means with different letters in the same season are significantly different according to Fischer’s protected least significance test at P < 0.05.

Colonizer-persister group 2 bacterivores as affected by fertilizer treatments combined across SCN-conducive and suppressive sites. Fertilizer treatment means with different letters in the same season are significantly different according to Fischer’s protected least significance test at P < 0.05.

Table 2

Effects of crop sequence and fertilizer on herbivore abundances by sampling date combined across SCN-conducive and suppressive sites.^a

	2009							2010
	Pi	^b	P45d		Pm		Pf	Pi		Pm	Pf
Crop sequence ^c
Corn-Sus	1,173		1,050		274	B	520	580	B	737	1,256	A
Res-Sus	1,203		1,225		280	B	470	510	B	668	850	B
Sus-Sus	1,186		1,265		361	A	604	783	A	710	728	B
Fertilizer
None	1,193	ab	1,180	a	306		623	614		770	1,128	a
Manure	1,024	b	958	b	299		478	628		655	848	b
PK	1,345	ab	1,401	a	309		493	632		690	859	b
ANOVA (F-value)
Crop (C)	0.36		0.95		4.54	*	2.74	10.98	**	0.08	8.05	**
Site (S) × C	1.18		0.18		0.37		1.31	5.65	*	0.11	0.54
Fertilizer (F)	3.87	*	9.02	**	0.16		1.68	0.05		0.29	3.39	*
S × F	2.83		5.44	**	1.18		0.11	2.37		0.10	0.64
F × C	0.45		0.75		4.23	**	0.93	0.51		1.40	0.72
S × F × C	0.87		0.34		0.31		1.11	0.58		0.39	0.07

1 Notes: ^aPi, P45d, Pm, and Pf are mean population densities (nematodes/100 cm³ soil) prior to applying fertilizer or planting, 45 d after planting, at midseason (about 2 months after planting), and at harvest, respectively; ^b * and ** represent significant effects at P ⩽ 0.05 and P ⩽ 0.01. Values followed by different letters in the same column within the same treatment are significantly different according to Fischer’s least significance test at P < 0.05; ^cCrop sequence treatments of SCN-susceptible soybean (Sus), SCN-resistant soybean (Res), or corn for 2009 crop-2010 crop.

Table 3

Effects of crop sequence and fertilizer on fungivore abundances by sampling date combined across SCN-conducive and suppressive sites.^a

	2009							2010
	Pi	^b	P45d	Pm		Pf		Pi	Pm		Pf
Crop sequence ^c
Corn-Sus	582		904	168		143	B	208	371	A	349	A
Res-Sus	513		653	145		286	A	238	241	B	285	AB
Sus-Sus	503		665	126		197	AB	188	207	B	245	B
Fertilizer
None	553		782	151	ab	210		199	252		293
Manure	513		611	163	a	190		237	303		291
PK	531		829	125	b	226		199	265		293
ANOVA (F-value)
Crop (C)	1.06		1.87	2.68		3.85	*	2.61	6.21	*	8.43	**
Site (S) × C	2.07		0.96	0.72		0.32		3.59	0.33		0.20
Fertilizer (F)	0.59		2.10	3.78	*	0.05		2.24	0.21		0.68
S × F	1.14		2.04	0.01		1.05		2.64	1.83		2.66
F × C	2.31		0.25	0.88		1.39		2.47	1.81		1.33
S × F × C	1.87		0.64	0.69		0.32		1.44	1.29		1.22

1 Notes: ^aPi, P45d, Pm, and Pf are mean population densities (nematodes/100 cm³ soil) prior to applying fertilizer or planting, 45 d after planting, at midseason (about 2 months after planting), and at harvest, respectively; ^b * and ** represent significant effects at P ⩽ 0.05 and P ⩽ 0.01. Values followed by different letters in the same column within the same treatment are significantly different according to Fischer’s least significance test at P < 0.05; ^cCrop sequence treatments of SCN-susceptible soybean (Sus), SCN-resistant soybean (Res), or corn for 2009 crop-2010 crop.

Table 4

Effects of crop sequence and fertilizer on FBPP (fungivores plus bacterivores divided by herbivores) by sampling date combined across SCN-conducive and suppressive sites.^a

	2009								2010
	Vi	^b	V45d		Vm		Vf		Vi		Vm		Vf
Crop sequence ^c
Corn-Sus	1.8		6.6		5.1	A	1.3	B	1.6	B	1.7	A	1.3	B
Res-Sus	1.6		3.7		3.9	AB	2.9	A	2.6	A	1.8	A	1.8	A
Sus-Sus	1.6		9.7		2.7	B	1.3	B	1.2	B	1.4	B	1.8	A
Fertilizer
None	1.8		2.6	b	2.4	b	1.5	b	1.5	b	1.5		1.4	b
Manure	1.8		15.2	a	7.2	a	2.3	a	2.4	a	1.9		1.9	a
PK	1.5		2.1	b	2.2	b	1.7	ab	1.5	b	1.5		1.6	ab
ANOVA (F-value)
Crop (C)	0.81		1.17		7.77	**	11.53	**	10.73	**	3.79	*	4.40	*
Site (S) × C	0.91		1.06		4.58	*	3.62		1.36		0.14		0.90
Fertilizer (F)	2.04		7.28	**	32.70	**	3.39	*	15.66	**	2.83		5.05	*
S × F	0.46		4.53	*	9.71	**	0.30		2.51		1.80		1.60
F × C	0.28		1.51		1.86		0.83		1.82		0.63		0.78
S × F × C	0.22		1.28		1.15		0.86		0.51		0.59		0.75

1 Notes: ^aVi, V45d, Vm, and Vf are values prior to applying fertilizer or planting, 45 d after planting, at midseason (about 2 months after planting), and at harvest, respectively; ^b * and ** represent significant effects at P ⩽ 0.05 and P ⩽ 0.01. Values followed by different letters in the same column within the same treatment are significantly different according to Fischer’s least significance test at P<0.05; ^cCrop sequence treatments of SCN-susceptible soybean (Sus), SCN-resistant soybean (Res), or corn for 2009 crop-2010 crop.

Table 5

Effects of crop sequence and fertilizer on Channel Index by sampling date combined across SCN-conducive and suppressive sites.^a

	2009								2010
	Vi	^b	V45d		Vm		Vf		Vi		Vm		Vf
Crop sequence ^c
Corn-Sus	59		21		21		29		19		20	A	14
Res-Sus	49		18		20		27		13		10	B	12
Sus-Sus	54		18		21		24		13		11	B	11
Fertilizer
None	59		25	a	28	a	29	b	18	a	14		13	ab
Manure	54		5	b	6	b	13	c	10	b	12		10	b
PK	50		27	a	27	a	38	a	16	a	16		15	a
ANOVA (F-value)
Crop (C)	2.59		0.44		0.02		0.57		2.36		5.41	*	0.72
Site (S) × C	0.84		0.02		0.04		2.42		0.17		0.52		0.28
Fertilizer (F)	2.33		28.51	**	32.27	**	29.96	**	13.63	**	1.46		4.20	*
S × F	2.14		1.25		3.21	*	7.63	**	0.08		0.00		0.48
F × C	2.79	*	2.19		0.44		0.31		2.35		0.30		0.22
S × F × C	1.53		1.26		0.46		1.30		0.37		0.49		0.38

1 Notes: ^aVi, V45d, Vm, and Vf are values prior to applying fertilizer or planting, 45 d after planting, at midseason (about 2 months after planting), and at harvest, respectively; ^b * and ** represent significant effects at P ⩽ 0.05 and P ⩽ 0.01. Values followed by different letters in the same column within the same treatment are significantly different according to Fischer’s least significance test at P < 0.05; ^cCrop sequence treatments of SCN-susceptible soybean (Sus), SCN-resistant soybean (Res), or corn for 2009 crop-2010 crop.

Table 6

Effects of crop sequence and fertilizer on Enrichment Index by sampling date combined across SCN-conducive and suppressive sites.^a

	2009							2010
	Vi	^b	V45d		Vm		Vf		Vi		Vm		Vf
Crop sequence ^c
Corn-Sus	40	B	75		75		67		74		77		82
Res-Sus	45	A	75		77		65		77		84		82
Sus-Sus	39	B	75		75		66		75		81		81
Fertilizer
None	40		69	b	75	b	62	b	72	b	80	b	81	b
Manure	41		91	a	95	a	79	a	81	a	84	a	85	a
PK	43		64	b	72	b	56	c	74	b	78	b	79	b
ANOVA (F-value)
Crop (C)	5.45	*	0.02		0.09		0.13		0.51		3.48		0.58
Site (S) × C	0.29		0.24		0.08		2.44		0.50		0.28		0.17
Fertilizer (F)	1.20		56.47	**	60.59	**	32.64	**	8.66	**	5.64	**	4.80	*
S × F	3.38	*	1.24		0.49		0.74		0.01		0.53		1.32
F × C	1.70		2.37		2.67	*	1.44		0.97		0.31		0.64
S × F × C	1.61		0.88		2.24		2.16		0.94		0.85		0.23

1 Notes: ^aVi, V45d, Vm, and Vf are values prior to applying fertilizer or planting, 45 d after planting, at midseason (about 2 months after planting), and at harvest, respectively; ^b * and ** represent significant effects at P ⩽ 0.05 and P ⩽ 0.01. Values followed by different letters in the same column within the same treatment are significantly different according to Fischer’s least significance test at P < 0.05; ^cCrop sequence treatments of SCN-susceptible soybean (Sus), SCN-resistant soybean (Res), or corn for 2009 crop-2010 crop.

Table 7

Effects of crop sequence and fertilizer on Shannon–Weaver Diversity Index by sampling date combined across SCN-conducive and suppressive sites.^a

	2009							2010
	Vi	^b	V45d		Vm		Vf	Vi		Vm		Vf
Crop sequence ^c
Corn-Sus	1.97		1.64		1.65		1.84	2.00		2.07		2.11
Res-Sus	1.99		1.71		1.72		1.91	1.96		2.00		2.03
Sus-Sus	2.00		1.61		1.69		1.95	1.89		2.05		2.14
Fertilizer
None	1.98		1.82	a	1.86	a	1.90	1.93	b	2.04	b	2.05
Manure	1.99		1.25	b	1.34	b	1.87	1.88	b	1.97	b	2.09
PK	1.99		1.89	a	1.86	a	1.92	2.03	a	2.11	a	2.14
ANOVA (F-value)
Crop (C)	0.17		0.62		0.22		2.95	2.22		1.14		0.99
Site (S) × C	0.46		0.73		0.09		0.05	2.00		2.01		0.00
Fertilizer (F)	0.09		33.91	**	36.37	**	0.77	7.88	**	7.07	**	1.95
S × F	1.66		5.27	**	6.95	**	2.67	1.52		4.16	*	1.91
F × C	0.09		1.88		2.78	*	1.57	3.52	*	1.28		0.77
S × F × C	0.64		0.11		0.60		1.21	1.43		1.26		0.27

1 Notes: ^a Vi, V45d, Vm, and Vf are values prior to applying fertilizer or planting, 45 d after planting, at midseason (about 2 months after planting), and at harvest, respectively; ^b * and ** represent significant effects at P ⩽ 0.05 and P ⩽ 0.01. Values followed by different letters in the same column within the same treatment are significantly different according to Fischer’s least significance test at P < 0.05; ^c Crop sequence treatments of SCN-susceptible soybean (Sus), SCN-resistant soybean (Res), or corn for 2009 crop-2010 crop.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2019-014 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X

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Language: English

Page range: 1 - 14

Submitted on: Aug 17, 2018

Published on: Apr 15, 2019

Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

Nematode community,

Corn,

Soybean,

Related subjects:

© 2019 Zane J. Grabau, Yong Bao, Jeffrey A. Vetsch, Senyu Chen, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 51 (2019): Issue 1 (January 2019)

Swine manure application enriches the soil food web in corn and soybean production

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Figure 1

Figure 2