Table 1
Treatments of EPNs in vegetable oil emulsions to evaluate the survival of IJs and control effectivity on adult ticks.
| Final composition | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experiment | Treatment (%) | Oil (µL) | Amount of IJs | Distilled water (µL) |
| Survival | Heterorhabdistis bacteriophora – C. citratus 13 | 300 | 400 ± 20 | 2,000 |
| Heterorhabditis bacteriophora–Pelargonium 13 | 300 | 400 ± 20 | 2,000 | |
| Heterorhabditis bacteriophora –J. virginiana 13 | 300 | 400 ± 20 | 2,000 | |
| Heterorhabditis bacteriophora –Rose 13 | 300 | 400 ± 20 | 2,000 | |
| Heterorhabditis bacteriophora –M. piperita 13 | 300 | 400 ± 20 | 2,000 | |
| Heterorhabditis bacteriophora -AD (control) | 0 | 400 ± 20 | 2,000 | |
| Steinernema carpocapsae –C. citratus 13 | 300 | 400 ± 20 | 2,000 | |
| Steinernema carpocapsae –Pelargonium 13 | 300 | 400 ± 20 | 2,000 | |
| Steinernema carpocapsae –J. virginiana 13 | 300 | 400 ± 20 | 2,000 | |
| Steinernema carpocapsae –Rose 13 | 300 | 400 ± 20 | 2,000 | |
| Steinernema carpocapsae –M. piperita 13 | 300 | 400 ± 20 | 2,000 | |
| Steinernema carpocapsae -AD (control) | 0 | 400 ± 20 | 2,000 | |
| Steinernema websteri –C. citratus 13 | 300 | 400 ± 20 | 2,000 | |
| Steinernema websteri –Pelargonium 13 | 300 | 400 ± 20 | 2,000 | |
| Steinernema websteri –J. virginiana 13 | 300 | 400 ± 20 | 2,000 | |
| Steinernema websteri –Rose 13 | 300 | 400 ± 20 | 2,000 | |
| Steinernema websteri –M. piperita13 | 300 | 400 ± 20 | 2,000 | |
| Steinernema websteri -AD (Control) | 0 | 400 ± 20 | 2,000 | |
| Control effectiveness in laboratory | Steinernema websteri –J. virginiana 33 | 833 | 50 ± 5 | 1,667 |
| Steinernema websteri –C. citratus 33 | 833 | 50 ± 5 | 1,667 | |
| Steinernema carpocapsae –J. virginiana 33 | 833 | 50 ± 5 | 1,667 | |
| Steinernema carpocapsae –C. citratus 33 | 833 | 50 ± 5 | 1,667 | |
| Heterorhabditis bacteriophora –J. virginiana 33 | 833 | 50 ± 5 | 1,667 | |
| Heterorhabditis bacteriophora –C. citratus 33 | 833 | 50 ± 5 | 1,667 | |
| Steinernema websteri –J. virginiana 33 | 833 | 100 ± 10 | 1,667 | |
| Steinernema websteri –C. citratus 33 | 833 | 100 ± 10 | 1,667 | |
| Steinernema carpocapsae –J. virginiana 33 | 833 | 100 ± 10 | 1,667 | |
| Steinernema carpocapsae –C. citratus 33 | 833 | 100 ± 10 | 1,667 | |
| Heterorhabditis bacteriophora –J. virginiana 33 | 833 | 100 ± 10 | 1,667 | |
| Heterorhabditis bacteriophora –C. citratus 33 | 833 | 100 ± 10 | 1,667 | |
| Control effectiveness in field | Steinernema websteri –C. citratus 33 | 833 | 119 ± 10 | 1,667 |
| Steinernema websteri –J. virginiana 33 | 833 | 119 ± 10 | 1,667 | |
| Steinernema websteri -AD (Control) | 0 | 119 ± 10 | 2,500 | |
Figure 1
Survival of IJs in five vegetable oil emulsions at concentration of 13%.
Figure 2
Survival of EPNs in oil emulsions of J. virginiana and C. citratus at a concentration of 13% under laboratory conditions.
Figure 3
Effectivity of EPNs at concentration of 50 IJs/tick in vegetable oil emulsions at concentration of 33% on engorged adult ticks. Bars with unequal letters are statistically different (Tukey, P ˂ 0.05).
Figure 4
Effectivity of EPNs at concentration of 100 IJs/tick in vegetable oil emulsions at concentration of 33% on engorged adult ticks. Bars with unequal letters are statistically different (Tukey, P ˂ 0.05).
Figure 5
Control effectiveness of S. websteri at 119 IJs/tick in two vegetable oil emulsions at a concentration of 33% and a Control with S. websteri in only distilled water.