Figure 1
Chemical structures of nematicidal compounds 1-4 isolated from Roots of Angelica pubescens Maxim. f. biserrata Shan et Yuan (Duhuo).
Table 1
Nematotoxic activities of the root extracts of Angelica pubescens Maxim. f. biserrata Shan et Yuan against the Pine Wood nematode B. xylophilus.
| Corrected mortalitya (%, Mean ± SD) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Sample (1.0 mg/mL) | 24 hr | 48 hr | 72 hr |
| Ethanol extract | 32.50 ± 1.95 c | 57.47 ± 1.56 c | 85.83 ± 1.60 b |
| Ethyl acetate fraction | 46.93 ± 2.10 c | 80.06 ± 1.01 b | 95.25 ± 1.16 ab |
| Aqueous fraction | 16.59 ± 0.45 f | 27.26 ± 0.99 g | 36.55 ± 1.33 e |
| Fr.1 | 3.28 ± 0.71 i | 10.74 ± 1.11 i | 15.48 ± 1.25 h |
| Fr.2 | 4.73 ± 1.13 hi | 12.78 ± 0.71 i | 17.48 ± 1.50 h |
| Fr.3 | 10.74 ± 1.27 g | 15.54 ± 1.45 h | 23.19 ± 1.05 f |
| Fr.4 | 20.53 ± 0.66 e | 35.68 ± 1.46 e | 40.89 ± 0.40 d |
| Fr.5 | 56.97 ± 0.94 a | 83.78 ± 1.48 a | 96.37 ± 1.24 a |
| Fr.6 | 49.89 ± 1.19b | 76.41 ± 1.22 c | 93.58 ± 1.35 b |
| Fr.7 | 21.27 ± 1.35 e | 33.14 ± 0.39 f | 40.76 ± 0.66 d |
| Fr.8 | 10.69 ± 1.41 g | 17.36 ± 1.60 h | 20.27 ± 1.20 g |
| Fr.9 | 6.01 ± 80.76 h | 11.52 ± 1.49 i | 16.74 ± 1.53 h |
Table 2
Nematotoxic activities against B. xylophilus of compounds 1-4 isolated from the root extracts of Angelica pubescens Maxim. f. biserrata Shan et Yuan.
| Compound (200-1,000 μm) | LC 50 (72 hr, μM) | 95% CLa (μM) | χ 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Osthole 1 | 489.17 | 459.09-527.01 | 1.25 |
| Columbianadin 2 | 406.74 | 387.61-422.06 | 2.14 |
| Bergapten 3 | 430.08 | 401.51-458.02 | 1.13 |
| Xanthotoxin 4 | 435.66 | 410.47-459.20 | 2.02 |
| Aloperineb | 369.76 | 350.07-388.93 | 2.85 |
Figure 2
Micrographs of pine wood nematodes treated with compounds 1-4 under SEM. (A) Nematodes in control; (B-E) Nematodes treated with osthole 1, columbianadin 2, bergapten 3, xanthotoxin 4, respectively. Minimum scales in A-E are 5, 100, 200 μm, successively.
Figure 3
Observation by TEM on pine wood nematodes treated with compounds 1-4. (A) Nematodes in control; (B-E) Nematodes treated with osthole 1, columbianadin 2, bergapten 3, xanthotoxin 4, respectively. Bars represent 2 μm.
Table 3
IC50 values of compounds 1-4 on in vitro enzyme activities of B. xylophilus.
| Enzyme | Compound | IC 50 (μM) | 95% CLa (μM) | χ 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Osthole 1 | 3.24 | 3.01–3.49 | 2.35 | |
| Columbianadin 2 | 1.62 | 1.42–1.85 | 1.01 | |
| AchE | Bergapten 3 | 2.28 | 2.08–2.55 | 2.93 |
| Xanthotoxin 4 | 2.40 | 2.16–2.71 | 1.86 | |
| Galanthamine Hydrobromideb | 0.079 | 0.071–0.086 | 3.10 | |
| Osthole 1 | 4.89 | 4.15–5.51 | 2.12 | |
| Columbianadin 2 | 1.35 | 1.12–1.59 | 1.82 | |
| Amylase | Bergapten 3 | 1.72 | 1.64–1.83 | 0.40 |
| Xanthotoxin 4 | 3.25 | 2.79–3.65 | 3.51 | |
| Acarboseb | 1.74 | 1.63–1.88 | 1.17 | |
| Osthole 1 | 6.13 | 5.85–6.42 | 3.01 | |
| Columbianadin 2 | 4.25 | 3.94–4.49 | 1.68 | |
| Cellulase | Bergapten 3 | 2.09 | 1.97–2.23 | 2.21 |
| Xanthotoxin 4 | 2.35 | 2.01–2.65 | 4.01 | |
| Copper Sulfate-Ammonia Complexionb | 20.10 | 19.75–20.49 | 1.82 |
Figure 4
The effects of nematicidal compounds on PWN enzymes in vivo. Effects on AchE (A) amylase (B) and cellulase (C) of PWN, respectively.