Learning by Evaluating in Engineering Design Classrooms: A 5E Instructional Model Perspective from Teachers
References
- Adams, W. C. (2015).
Conducting Semi-Structured Interviews . In K. E. Newcomer, H. P. Hatry, & J. S. Wholey (Eds.), Handbook of Practical Program Evaluation (1st ed., pp. 492–505). Wiley. 10.1002/9781119171386.ch19 - Anggraeni, R. E. (2021). The analysis of the development of the 5E-STEAM learning model to improve critical thinking skills in natural science lesson. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1832(1),
012050 .https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1832/1/012050/meta - Bartholomew, S. R., & Jones, M. D. (2022). A systematized review of research with adaptive comparative judgment (ACJ) in higher education. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 32(1), 1159–1190.
- Bartholomew, S. R., Mentzer, N., Jones, M., Sherman, D., & Baniya, S. (2020). Learning by evaluating (LbE) through adaptive comparative judgment. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 32(2), 1–15.
- Bartholomew, S. R., Nadelson, L. S., Goodridge, W. H., & Reeve, E. M. (2018). Adaptive comparative judgment as a tool for assessing open-ended design problems and model eliciting activities. Educational Assessment, 23(2), 85–101.
- Bartholomew, S. R., Strimel, G. J., & Yoshikawa, E. (2019a). Using adaptive comparative judgment for student formative feedback and learning. International Journal of Technology and Design Education.
- Bartholomew, S. R., Strimel, G. J., & Yoshikawa, E. (2019b). Using adaptive comparative judgment for student formative feedback and learning during a middle school design project. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 29(2), 363–385. 10.1007/s10798-018-9442-7
- Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS). (n.d.). Our story: BSCS and the development of the 5E instructional model.
https://bscs.org/about/our-story/ - Bramley, T., & Vitello, S. (2019). The effect of adaptivity on the reliability coefficient in adaptive comparative judgement. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 26(3), 235–251.
- Branch, R. M. (2009). Instructional Design: The ADDIE Approach. Springer. 10.1007/978-0-387-09506-6
- Burke, B. N. (2014). The ITEEA 6E Learning ByDesignTM Model: Maximizing informed design and inquiry in the integrative STEM classroom. Technology and Engineering Teacher, 73(6), 14–19.
- Bybee, R. W. (2004). Using the BSCS 5E instructional model to introduce STEM disciplines.
- Bybee, R. W. (2009). The BSCS 5E instructional model and 21st century skills. Colorado Springs, CO: BSCS, 24.
- Bybee, R. W. (2014). The BSCS 5E instructional model: Personal reflections and contemporary implications. Science and Children, 51(8), 10–13.
- Bybee, R. W. (2019). Using the BSCS 5E instructional model to introduce STEM disciplines. Science and Children, 56(6), 8–12.
https://search.proquest.com/openview/392f0dc54e46d73a943efca09f664cf9/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=41736 - Bybee, R. W., Taylor, J. A., Gardner, A., & others. (1987). The BSCS 5E Instructional Model: Origins and Effectiveness. BSCS.
- Bybee, R. W., Taylor, J. A., Gardner, A., Van Scotter, P., Carlson Powell, J., Westbrook, A., & Landes, N. (2006). The BSCS 5E instructional model: Origins and effectiveness. BSCS.
- Bybee, R. W., Taylor, J. A., Gardner, A., Van Scotter, P., Powell, J. C., Westbrook, A., & Landes, N. (2006). The BSCS 5E instructional model: Origins, effectiveness, and applications. BSCS.
https://media.bscs.org/bscsmw/5es/bscs_5e_full_report.pdf - Canty, D., Seery, N., Hartell, E., & Doyle, A. (2017a). Integrating peer assessment in technology education through adaptive comparative judgment. PATT34 Technology & Engineering Education–Fostering the Creativity of Youth Around The Globe, Millersville University, Pennsylvania, USA, 10–14.
- Canty, D., Seery, N., Hartell, E., & Doyle, A. (2017b). Integrating peer assessment in technology education through adaptive comparative judgment. PATT34 Technology & Engineering Education.
- Chayati, N., Masykuri, M., & Utomo, S. B. (2020). Development learning cycle 5e module integrated with science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (stem) in thermochemistry. JKPK (Jurnal Kimia Dan Pendidikan Kimia), 5(3), 282–292.
http://jurnal.uns.ac.id/jkpk/article/view/38938 - Crismond, D. P., & Adams, R. S. (2012). The informed design teaching and learning matrix. Journal of Engineering Education, 101(4), 738–797. 10.1002/j.2168-9830.2012.tb01127.x
- DeKalb County School District. (2021). Annual Demographic Report. DeKalb County School District.
https://www.dekalbschoolsga.org/ - Duran, E., & Duran, L. (2004). The 5E instructional model: A learning cycle approach for inquiry-based science teaching. Science Education Review, 3(2), 49–58.
- Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107–115. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x
- Elwood, K., Savenye, W., Jordan, M. E., Larson, J., & Zapata, C. (2016). Design thinking: A new construct for educators. Paper Session Presented at the Annual Convention of the Association of Educational Communications and Technology.
http://members.aect.org/pdf/Proceedings/proceedings16/2016/16_08.pdf - Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34(10), 906–911.
- Gagné, R. M., Wager, W. W., Golas, K. C., & Keller, J. M. (2005). Principles of Instructional Design (5th ed.). Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
- Govaerts, S., van den Bossche, P., de Maeyer, S., Segers, M., & Dochy, F. (2011). The impact of self- and peer assessment on students’ self-regulated learning and learning skills. Learning and Instruction, 21(4), 379–389. 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2010.08.003
- Harrell, M. C., & Bradley, M. (2009). Data collection methods: Semi-structured interviews and focus groups.
https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/tr/ADA512853 - International Technology and Engineering Educators Association. (2025). Engineering byDesignTM\ (EbDTM): A comprehensive, Preschool–12th grade solution for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education.
https://www.iteea.org/engineering-bydesign - Jackson, A., Mentzer, N., Bartholomew, S. R., Lee, W., Yauney, J. M., Thorne, S., & Bayah, D. (2023, June 25). Board 332: Learning by Evaluating (LbE): Engaging Students in Evaluation as a Pedagogical Strategy to Improve Design Thinking. 2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition.
https://peer.asee.org/board-332-learning-by-evaluating-lbe-engaging-students-in-evaluation-as-a-pedagogical-strategy-to-improve-design-thinking - Joswick, C., & Hulings, M. (2024). A Systematic Review of BSCS 5E Instructional Model Evidence. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 22(1), 167–188. 10.1007/s10763-023-10357-y
- Kimbell, R. (2022). Examining the reliability of Adaptive Comparative Judgement (ACJ) as an assessment tool in educational settings. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 32(3), 1515–1529. 10.1007/s10798-021-09654-w
- Kimbell, R., & Stables, K. (2007). Researching Design Learning: Issues and Findings from Two Decades of Research and Development. Springer Science & Business Media.
- Kolodner, J. L., Camp, P. J., Crismond, D., Fasse, B., Gray, J., Holbrook, J., & Ryan, M. (2003). Problem-based learning meets case-based reasoning in the middle-school science classroom: Putting Learning by DesignTM into practice. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 12(4), 495–547.
- Lin, Y.-H. (2023). Integrating the STEAM-6E model with virtual reality instruction: Effects on motivation, creativity, and learning outcomes among learners of diverse cognitive styles. Sustainability, 15(7),
6269 . 10.3390/su15076269 - Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2014). Designing qualitative research. Sage publications.
- McCurdy, R. P., Nickels, M. L., & Bush, S. B. (2020). Problem-based design thinking tasks: Engaging student empathy in STEM. The Electronic Journal for Research in Science & Mathematics Education, 24(2), 22–55.
https://ejse.southwestern.edu/article/view/19925 - Mentzer, N., Lee, W., Jackson, A., & Bartholomew, S. (2023). Learning by Evaluating (LbE): Promoting meaningful reasoning in the context of engineering design thinking using Adaptive Comparative Judgment (ACJ). International Journal of Technology and Design Education. 10.1007/s10798-023-09853-7
- Mentzer, N., Lee, W., Jackson, A., & Bartholomew, S. (2024). Learning by Evaluating (LbE): Promoting meaningful reasoning in the context of engineering design thinking using Adaptive Comparative Judgment (ACJ). International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 34(3), 1145–1169. 10.1007/s10798-023-09853-7
- Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2004). Nursing research: Principles and methods. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Pollitt, A. (2012a). Comparative judgement for assessment. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 22(2), 157–170. 10.1007/s10798-011-9189-x
- Pollitt, A. (2012b). The method of adaptive comparative judgement. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 19(3), 281–300.
- Potter, T., Englund, L., Charbonneau, J., MacLean, M. T., Newell, J., & Roll, I. (2017). ComPAIR: A New Online Tool Using Adaptive Comparative Judgement to Support Learning with Peer Feedback. Teaching & Learning Inquiry, 5(2), 89–113.
- Rodriguez, S., Allen, K., Harron, J., & Qadri, S. A. (2019). Making and the 5E Learning Cycle. The Science Teacher, 86(5), 48–55. 10.2505/4/tst18_086_05_48
- Saimon, M., Mtenzi, F., Lavicza, Z., Fenyvesi, K., Arnold, M., & Diego-Mantecón, J. (2024). Applying the 6E learning by design model to support student teachers to integrate artificial intelligence applications in their classroom. Education and Information Technologies, 29(17), 23937–23954. 10.1007/s10639-024-12795-9
- Schön, D. A. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. Basic Books.
- Seery, N., & Canty, D. (2017).
Assessment and learning: The proximal and distal effects of comparative judgment . In Handbook of Technology Education. Springer. - Seery, N., Canty, D., & Phelan, P. (2012). The validity and value of peer assessment using adaptive comparative judgement in design driven practical education. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 22(2), 205–226. 10.1007/s10798-011-9194-0
- Susilowati, S. M. E., & Anam, K. (2017). Improving students’ scientific reasoning and problem-solving skills by the 5E learning model. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 9(3), 506–512.
https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/biosaintifika/article/view/12022 - Thorne, S., Mentzer, N., Strimel, G., Bartholomew, S., & Ware, J. (2024). Learning by Evaluating: An Exploration of Optimizing Design-Based Instruction. Journal of Technology Education, 35(2), 53–80. 10.21061/jte.v35i2.a.4
- Thurstone, L. L. (1927). A law of comparative judgment. Psychological Review, 34(4), 273–286. 10.1037/h0070288
- Veenman, M. V., Van Hout-Wolters, B., & Afflerbach, P. (2006). Metacognition and learning: Conceptual and methodological considerations. Metacognition and Learning, 1(1), 3–14.
- Yaşar, Y., Yazıcı, Y., Hacıoğlu, Y., & Sarı, U. (2023). Entrepreneurship, STEM attitude, and career interest development through 6E learning by DeSIGNTM model based STEM education. International Journal of Technology and Design Education. 10.1007/s10798-022-09780-z
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/jte.v37i1.a.5 | Journal eISSN: 1045-1064
Language: English
Page range: 94 - 129
Submitted on: May 8, 2025
Accepted on: Oct 14, 2025
Published on: Nov 7, 2025
Published by: Virginia Tech
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
© 2025 Wonki Lee, Nathan Mentzer, Andrew Jackson, Scott R. Bartholomew, Amiah Bailey Clevenger, published by Virginia Tech
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.