Table 1
Fisher’s balanced block design.
| CATEGORY | LEVELS | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Approaches to guidance | a) Physical | b) Integrated | c) Digital |
| The digital environment | d) Hostile | e) Friendly | |
| Professional competence | f) Able to adapt | g) Concerned about adapting | |
Table 2
Demographics.
| YEARS OF PRACTICE | CONFIDENCE IN USING DIGITAL TOOLS | SECTOR | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Less than a year | 1 | 1 (Not confident) | 1 | Regional career service | 19 |
| 2–4 years | 7 | 2 | 3 | High school | 8 |
| 5–10 years | 15 | 3 | 18 | Higher education | 5 |
| More than ten years | 16 | 4 (Very confident) | 17 | Public employment services | 3 |
| Elementary school | 2 | ||||
| Criminal reform | 1 | ||||
| Other | 1 | ||||
Table 3
Statistical information.
| FACTOR 1 | FACTOR 2 | FACTOR 3 | FACTOR 4 | FACTOR 5 | FACTOR 6 | FACTOR 7 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eigenvalues | 20.16182 | 2.71335 | 1.37783 | 1.33884 | 1.08951 | 0.23214 | 1.04227 |
| % Explained Variance | 49 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
| Cumulative % Explained Var | 49 | 56 | 59 | 62 | 65 | 66 | 68 |
| Humphrey’s Rule | 0.7653 | 0.37312 | 0.1406 | 0.12207 | 0.12165 | 0.02341 | 0.13555 |
| Standard Error | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Table 4
Factor characteristics.
| FACTOR CHARACTERISTICS | FACTOR 1 | FACTOR 2 | FACTOR 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of defining variables (Q sorts) | 20 | 6 | 6 |
| Average relational coefficient | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
| Composite reliability | 0.98765 | 0.96 | 0.96 |
| Standard error of factor Z-scores | 0.11111 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Table 5
Statement rankings by factor.
| STATEMENT RANKINGS BY FACTORS | F1 | F2 | F3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I can teach the client how to use the internet in a safer way when we meet in person. | 0 | 3 | –1 |
| 2 | It is better to meet in person when using assessment tools to map personality, abilities and interests in career guidance. | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 3 | I can’t stay updated, so it’s difficult to work closely with clients with little digital competence. | –4 | 0 | –5 |
| 4 | I want to learn more about using the internet as an asset when I give career guidance face-to-face. | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| 5 | Digital career guidance is more effective, so I want to learn how to become an excellent digital career counsellor. | 0 | –2 | 0 |
| 6 | The quality of career guidance becomes better when we use digital platforms than when we meet in person for career guidance or education. | –1 | –4 | –3 |
| 7 | I prefer giving career guidance face-to-face because many clients don’t have much digital competence and need help. | –1 | 4 | 0 |
| 8 | Videocalls work well in career guidance, but you must be careful in case the client is not alone and cannot speak freely. | 1 | –1 | 1 |
| 9 | I personally follow up with my clients because I’m worried they might have negative experiences on social media. | –3 | –3 | –1 |
| 10 | I’m comfortable having career guidance conversations face-to-face. | 3 | 5 | 5 |
| 11 | The internet is a good and helpful resource in career education, but I find it hard to adapt to digital career guidance formats. | –3 | 0 | –4 |
| 12 | It’s not ethical to use social media for career guidance conversations or career education because people’s digital skills vary. | –3 | –1 | –1 |
| 13 | I’m happy to adapt and give career guidance both through the Internet and face-to-face. | 5 | 3 | 3 |
| 14 | I’m not sure how to combine digital and face-to-face guidance. | –4 | –2 | –2 |
| 15 | The pace of digital development is frightening. | –1 | 1 | –1 |
| 16 | The internet is a great asset for people’s career development, so of course, I use it for career guidance. | 3 | 2 | 3 |
| 17 | Digital technologies can strengthen and improve career learning processes. | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| 18 | People’s careers are developing in a digital world, so I will continue combining physical and digital guidance the way I do. | 0 | –1 | 1 |
| 19 | The internet is amazing, and I think all career guidance will soon be digital and online. | –2 | –5 | –3 |
| 20 | Communicating through digital channels is not as efficient as communicating face-to-face. | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| 21 | I agree that it’s valuable that integrated guidance can help people get better at using the internet, but I don’t think I can adapt how I give career guidance. | –2 | –2 | –3 |
| 22 | The internet helps people build their careers, and combining physical and digital resources can have many positive effects. | 3 | 2 | 0 |
| 23 | New technology can make it easier to develop new forms of career guidance. | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 24 | I prefer not to use digital resources in career guidance. | –5 | –2 | –4 |
| 25 | Online synchronous guidance is fine if the technology works well, but technical problems can be distracting. | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 26 | There are many strange things to be found on the internet, but I often try new platforms and technologies in career guidance without testing them very thoroughly. | –1 | –4 | –1 |
| 27 | If the digital tools or platforms are not helpful to me in my job, then I don’t use them. | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| 28 | You can become more digitally competent and learn how to use digital tools in career guidance when “learning by doing”. | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 29 | It may be that we’ll go back to giving career guidance mostly face-to-face after the pandemic, but that is negative for the development and/or access to the services for the future. | 1 | –3 | –2 |
| 30 | We see many clients who are not digitally literate, so we must adapt our strategies to keep career guidance relevant for them. | 2 | 4 | 0 |
| 31 | There is a lot of information and technical stuff out there, but it’s not necessary to learn or use everything. | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 32 | The pace of digital/technological developments is quite high, but I still think I can keep up. | 2 | –1 | 1 |
| 33 | It feels like there is no limit to what we will have to learn; new digital resources appear constantly. | –1 | 0 | –2 |
| 34 | I think employers understand that people’s appearance on social media mainly shows their private selves. | –2 | –3 | 0 |
| 35 | It’s essential to be aware of how we appear on social media because mistakes here can seriously affect an individual’s career development. | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 36 | I think many people will be unable to keep up with the developments in digital technology. | –2 | –1 | –2 |
Figure 1
Composite Q-sort for factor 1 (Enthusiasts).
Figure 2
Composite Q-sort for Factor 2 (human connectors).
Figure 3
Composite Q-sort for Factor 3 (critical pragmatists).