For a Fistful of Dollars: An Appropriate Compensation for the Exploitation of the Panama Canal
References
- Aaron, D. 11 January 1978. ‘Memorandum for Philp Jordan: Request by Senate Select Committee on Intelligence for NSC Documents.’ NLC-SAFE, 16: C-40-19-4-6.
- Augelli, JP. 1985. ‘The Panama Canal Treaties of 1977: Impact and Challenges.’ Yearbook (Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers), 11: 75–79.
- Boyd, A. 31 January 1972.
‘Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas no. 1631 Actas Oficiales.’ United Nations Digital Library, UN/SA Collection, Resource Type, Documents and Publications, Meeting Records, UN Bodies, Security Council, Addis Ababa. pp. 5–6. - Brown, JC. 2024. The Weak and the Powerful: Omar Torrijos, Panama, and the Non-Aligned Movement in the World. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. DOI: 10.2307/jj.14170616
- Brzezinski, Z. 13 June 1977a.
‘Memorandum for the President.’ Jimmy Carter Presidential Library (JCPL), Atlanta, GA, National Security Affairs (NSA), Brzezinski Material, Country File, box 60, Panama, 1-10/77. - Brzezinski, Z. 21 June 1977b.
‘Memorandum for the President.’ JCPL, Chief of Staff Jordan (CSJ), box 36, Confidential File – Panama Canal Treaty (CFPCT) 6-7/77. - Brzezinski, Z. 21 July 1977c.
‘Memorandum to President Carter.’ In: US Department of State. 2016. FRUS, 1977–1980, vol. 29, Panama. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. pp. 208–209. - Brzezinski, Z. 26 July 1977d. ‘Memorandum to President Carter.’ In: US Department of State. 2016. FRUS, 1977–1980, vol. 29, Panama. pp. 222–223.
- Brzezinski, Z. 28 July 1977e.
‘Memorandum for the President.’ JCPL, CSJ, box 36, CFPCT 6-7/77. - Brzezinski, Z. 3 August 1977f.
‘Memorandum to Vance.’ National Archives II, College Park, MD, RG 59, Official and Personal Files of Ambassador at Large Ellsworth Bunker, Lot 78D300, Box 4, Panama Key Documents. - Bunker, E and Linowitz, SM. 5 August 1977a.
‘Memorandum to President Carter.’ JCPL, NSA, Brzezinski Material, Country File, box 60, Panama: Canal Treaty of 1977, 8/77. - Bunker, E and Linowitz, SM. 12 August 1977b.
‘Briefing on the Panama Canal Agreement in Principle.’ JCPL, CSJ, box 36, CFPCT 8 77. pp. 6, 10–12. - Carter, J. 30 June 1977a. ‘The President’s News Conference.’ In: US Department of State. 1977. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter,
1977 , vol. 2, Washington DC:US Government Printing Office . pp. 1197–1206. - Carter, J. 29 July 1977b. ‘Letter to General Torrijos.’ In: US Department of State. 2016. FRUS, 1977–1980, vol. 29, Panama. pp. 234–235.
- Carter, J. 1982. Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President. New York: Bantam Books.
- Clymer, A. 2008. Drawing the Line at the Big Ditch: The Panama Canal Treaties and the Rise of the Right. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press.
- Conniff, ML. 1990.
‘Panama since 1903.’ In: Bethell, L. (ed.) The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. 7. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 603–642. DOI: 10.1017/CHOL9780521245180.015 - Eisenmann, R and Eisenmann, A. 18 February 1977.
‘Letter to Brzezinski.’ JCPL, White House Central Files, Subject File, Countries, box CO-48, CO-121 General 1/20/77-1/20/81. DOI: 10.1108/eb056782 - Escobar Bethancourt, R. 1981. ¡Torrijos: Colonia Americana, No!. Bogotá: Carlos Valencia Editores.
- “Fin al enclave colonialista.” 1977. Matutino, 7 September, p. 1A.
- Illeuca, JE. 7 June 1977.
‘The economic Issues surrounding the Panama Canal are closely tied to political positions.’ Arcevo del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Panamá (AMREP), Panama City, Panama, Tratados, Tratados Bilaterales., Tratados, Negociaciones, Negociaciones del Tratado del Canal Torrijos – Carter (NTCTC). - Jaén Suárez, O. 2005. Las negociaciones de los tratados Torrijos-Carter 1970–1979, vol. 2. Panama City, Panama: Panama Canal Authority.
- Jaén Suárez, O. 2007. ‘Historia de las Negociaciones Torrijos-Carter.’ Lotería (473–474): 9–44.
- Jaén Suárez, O. 2024. Interview with the author. 8 June.
- Jaén Suárez, O. n.d.
‘La negociación de los tratados Torrijos-Carter/Proyecto de índice general.’ Biblioteca Presidente Roberto F. Chiari, Panama City, Panama, Negociaciones sobre el Canal de Panamá (1964–1970) y negociaciones de los Tratados TorrijosCarter (1970–1979), caja 1 de 4. - Johnson, LB. 11 January 1964a.
‘LBJ and Dick Russell Discuss on Panama (transcript).’ UVA Miller Center. Available athttps://millercenter.org/the-presidency/educational-resources/lbj-and-dick-russell-discuss-panama-january-11-1964 . - Johnson, LB. 18 December 1964b.
‘United States Decision to Plan a New Sea-Level Canal and To Negotiate a New Treaty on the Existing Panama Canal.’ In: US Department of State. 1967. American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1964. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. p. 372. - Jorden, WJ. 2014. Panama Odyssey, 2nd ed. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
- Linowitz, SM. 20 June 1977. ‘Memorandum for the Files.’ 20 June 1977. In: US Department of State. 2016. FRUS, 1977–1980, vol. 29, Panama. pp. 168–174.
- Linowitz, SM. 1985. The Making of a Public Man: A Memoir. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
- Long, T. 2014. ‘Putting the Canal on the Map: Panamanian Agenda-Setting and the 1973 Security Council Meetings.’ Diplomatic History, 38(2): 431–455. DOI: 10.1093/dh/dht096
- Long, T. 2015. Latin America Confronts the United States: Asymmetry and Influence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781316343890
- López Guevara, CA. 22 June 1977.
‘Address delivered by special Ambassador of Panama, at the Pan American Society of San Francisco.’ AMREP, Protocolo, Discursos, Personalidades. - Lowenfeld, A. n.d.
‘Panama Canal Treaty.’ Institute for International Law and Justice. Available athttp://web.archive.org/web/20190711210817/https://iilj.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Panama-Canal-Treaty-of-1903.pdf . - Mayor, J. 1990.
‘The Panama Canal Zone, 1904–79.’ In: Bethell, L. (ed.) The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. 7. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 643–670. DOI: 10.1017/CHOL9780521245180.016 - Meditz, SW and Hanratty, DM. 1989. Panama: A Country Study. Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
- Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Panamá. 3 September 1977.
‘Copia del Tratado del Canal de Panamá con Memorando remisorio de 8 de noviembre de 1997 y el Acuerdo para la Ejecución del Artículo III.’ AMREP, Tratados, Tratados Bilaterales. - Mott, GF. 1977.
‘The Panama Canal. Today’s Decision – Tomorrow’s Security.’ AMREP, Tratados, Negociaciones, NTCTC. - “Panameño, que prefieres….” 1977. Matutino, 22 October 1977, p. 3A.
- Sayre, RM. 27 June 1967.
‘Information Memorandum to Secretary of State Rusk.’ In: US Department of State. 2004. FRUS, 1964–1968, vol. 31, South and Central America; Mexico. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. pp. 934–936. - Schuker, J. 8 July 1977.
‘Memorandum to Hodding Carter, III.’ JCPL, CSJ, box 36, CFPCT 6-7/77. - Smith, G. 1986. Morality, Reason, and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years. New York: Hill and Wang.
- Strong, RA. 1991. ‘Jimmy Carter and the Panama Canal Treaties.’ Presidential Studies Quarterly, 21(2): 269–286.
- Stuckey, ME. 2008. Jimmy Carter, Human Rights, and the National Agenda. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.
- “The Issue in Brief.” 1976. Newsweek, 17 May. AMREP, Press Attache de la Misión de Panamá en Naciones Unidas, Hemeroteca – Colección de Publicaciones Periódicas.
- University of Central Arkansas. n.d. “Panama (1903-Present).” Available at
http://web.archive.org/web/20230712125838/https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/western-hemisphere-region/panama-1903-present/ . - US Department of Defense, Central Intelligence Agency. 21 January 1977. ‘Policy Review Memorandum: Panama.’ In: US Department of State. 2016. FRUS, 1977–1980, vol. 29, Panama. pp. 15–25.
- US Department of State. 29 June 1977a. “Memorandum of Conversation.” In: US Department of State. 2016. FRUS, 1977–1980, vol. 29, Panama. pp. 174–185.
- US Department of State. 1 July 1977b. ‘Memorandum of Conversation.’ In: US Department of State. 2016. FRUS, 1977–1980, vol. 29, Panama. pp. 192–203.
- US Department of State. 11 July 1977c.
‘Draft Panama Statement.’ JCPL, Chief of Staff Betty Rainwater O/A Files, box 262, Presidential Statements. - US Department of State. 22 July 1977d. ‘Minutes of a Policy Review Committee Meeting.’ In: US Department of State. 2016. FRUS, 1977–1980, vol. 29, Panama. pp. 211–216.
- US Department of State. 29 July 1977e. ‘Memorandum of Conversation.’ In: US Department of State. 2016. FRUS, 1977–1980, vol. 29, Panama. pp. 231–234.
- US Department of State. 6 August 1977f. ‘Paper Prepared in the Department of State.’ In: US Department of State. 2016. FRUS, 1977–1980, vol. 29, Panama. pp. 238–242.
- US Department of State. January 1978.
‘The Meaning of the New Panama Canal Treaties.’ AMREP, The Department of State Selected Documents, 6C, Tratados, Negociaciones, NTCTC. - Vance, C. 8 July 1977a. ‘Memorandum to President Carter.’ In: US Department of State. 2016. FRUS, 1977–1980, vol. 29, Panama. pp. 203–204.
- Vance, C. 15 July 1977b. ‘Memorandum to President Carter.’ 15 July 1977. In: US Department of State. 2016. FRUS, 1977–1980, vol. 29, Panama. p. 206.
- Vance, C. 28 July 1977c.
‘Memorandum for the President.’ JCPL, CSJ, box 36, CFPCT 6-7/77. - Vance, C. 1983. Hard Choices: Critical Years in America’s Foreign Policy. New York: Simon and Schuster.
- Yale Law School. n.d. ‘Convention for the Construction of a Ship Canal (Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty), November 18, 1903.’ Available at
https://web.archive.org/web/20230406061104/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/pan001.asp . - Zaretsky, N. 2011. ‘Restraint or Retreat? The Debate over the Panama Canal Treaties and U.S. Nationalism after Vietnam.’ Diplomatic History, 35(3): pp. 535–562. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7709.2011.00962.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.694 | Journal eISSN: 2002-4509
Language: English
Page range: 107 - 117
Submitted on: Feb 5, 2025
Accepted on: Oct 21, 2025
Published on: Nov 7, 2025
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
© 2025 Leonardo Della Sera, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.