References
- Główny Urząd Statystyczny: Pomoc doraźna i ratownictwo medyczne w 2024 r. 2025. Available from:
https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/zdrowie/zdrowie/pomoc-dorazna-i-ratownictwo-medyczne-w-2024-r-,14,9.html (access: 01.07.2025). - Voth M, Lustenberger T, Auner B, Frank J, Marzi I: What injuries should we expect in the emergency room? Injury 2017; 48: 2119–2124. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2017.07.027.
- Prakash Raju KNJ, Jagdish S, Kumar GK, Anandhi D, Antony J: Profile of pediatric trauma among the patients attending emergency department in a tertiary care hospital in South India. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2020; 13: 62–67. doi: 10.4103/JETS.JETS_149_18.
- Peden M, Oyegbite K, Ozanne-Smith J, Hyder AA, Branche C, Rahman AKMF et al. (ed.): World Report on Child Injury Prevention. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
- Główny Urząd Statystyczny: Sytuacja demograficzna Polski do 2023 r. 2024. Available from:
https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/ludnosc/sytuacja-demograficzna-polski-do-2023-roku,40,4.html (access: 01.07.2025). - Kiepura S, Dutka J, Wieczorek-Grohman M: Increasing cost of trauma hospitalizations in the pediatric population. Cost analysis of treatment of musculoskeletal injuries in children and adolescents. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil 2024; 26: 131–141. doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0054.8376.
- Kiepura S, Dutka J, Wieczorek-Grohman M, Dutka Ł: Traumatic injuries in pediatric surgery in the medical-epidemiological-economic aspect. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil 2019; 21: 261–270. doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.5071.
- Ruffing T, Danko S, Danko T, Henzler T, Winkler H, Muhm M: Verletzungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen im Bereitschaftsdienst. [Injuries in children and adolescents in emergency services]. Unfallchirurg 2016; 119: 654–663. doi: 10.1007/s00113-015-2746-0.
- Cintean R, Eickhoff A, Zieger J, Gebhard F, Schütze K: Epidemiology, patterns, and mechanisms of pediatric trauma: a review of 12,508 patients. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2023; 49: 451–459. doi: 10.1007/s00068-022-02088-6.
- Kuppermann N, Holmes JF, Dayan PS, Hoyle JD Jr, Atabaki SM, Holubkov R et al.; Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN): Identification of children at very low risk of clinically-important brain injuries after head trauma: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2009; 374: 1160–1170. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61558-0. Erratum in: Lancet 2014; 383: 308.
- Nicholson JA, Tsang STJ, MacGillivray TJ, Perks F, Simpson AHRW: What is the role of ultrasound in fracture management? Diagnosis and therapeutic potential for fractures, delayed unions, and fracture-related infection. Bone Joint Res 2019; 8: 304–312. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.87.BJR-2018-0215.R2.
- Grechenig W, Clement H, Fellinger M, Seggl W: Scope and limitations of ultrasonography in the documentation of fractures – an experimental study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1998; 117: 368–371. doi: 10.1007/s004020050268.
- Huang JS, Huang SY, Liao HZ, Cai RZ, Zeng Q, Xiang XT et al.: Point-of-care ultra-sound diagnosis of skull fracture in Chinese children 0–6 years old with scalp hematoma from minor head trauma: a preliminary prospective observational study. Heliyon 2023; 9: e15255. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15255.
- Dehbozorgi A, Mousavi-Roknabadi RS, Hosseini-Marvast SR, Sharifi M, Sadegh R, Farahmand F, Damghani F: Diagnosing skull fracture in children with closed head injury using point-of-care ultrasound vs. computed tomography scan. Eur J Pediatr 2021; 180: 477–484. doi: 10.1007/s00431-020-03851-w. Erratum in: Eur J Pediatr 2021; 180: 485–486. doi: 10.1007/s00431-020-03878-z.
- Parri N, Crosby BJ, Mills L, Soucy Z, Musolino AM, Da Dalt L et al.: Point-of-care ultrasound for the diagnosis of skull fractures in children younger than two years of age. J Pediatr 2018; 196: 230–236.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.12.057.
- Rabiner JE, Friedman LM, Khine H, Avner JR, Tsung JW: Accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound for diagnosis of skull fractures in children. Pediatrics 2013; 131: e1757–e1764. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-3921.
- Alexandridis G, Verschuuren EW, Rosendaal AV, Kanhai DA: Evidence base for point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) for diagnosis of skull fractures in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Emerg Med J 2022; 39: 30–36. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2020-209887.
- Gordon I, Sinert R, Chao J: The utility of ultrasound in detecting skull fractures after pediatric blunt head trauma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Emerg Care 2021; 37: e1701–e1707. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000001958.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE): Head injury: assessment and early management. NICE guideline NG232. 2023. Available from:
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng232 (access: 01.07.2025). - Schutzman SA, Greenes DS: Pediatric minor head trauma. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 37: 65–74. doi: 10.1067/mem.2001.109440.
- Borland ML, Dalziel SR, Phillips N Dalton S, Lyttle MD, Bressan S et al.; Paediatric Research in Emergency Department International Collaborative group: Vomiting with head trauma and risk of traumatic brain injury. Pediatrics 2018; 141: e20173123. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-3123.
- Naghibi T, Rostami M, Jamali B Karimimoghaddam Z, Zeraatchi A, Rouhi AJ: Predicting factors for abnormal brain computed tomography in children with minor head trauma. BMC Emerg Med 2021; 21: 142. doi: 10.1186/s12873-021-00540-1.
- Shiomi N, Echigo T, Hino A, Hashimoto N, Yamaki T: Criteria for CT and initial management of head injured infants: a review. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2016; 56: 442–448. doi: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2015-0318.
- Mannix R, Monuteaux MC, Schutzman SA Meehan WP 3rd, Nigrovic LE, Neuman MI: Isolated skull fractures: trends in management in US pediatric emergency departments. Ann Emerg Med 2013; 62: 327–331. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.02.027.
- Rollins MD, Barnhart DC, Greenberg RA, Scaife ER, Holsti M, Meyers RL et al.: Neurologically intact children with an isolated skull fracture may be safely discharged after brief observation. J Pediatr Surg 2011; 46: 1342–1346. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.12.019.