Figure 1:
Inclusion and exclusion criteria_
| Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
|---|---|
| The research subjects are STEM as a catalyst for education 5.0 | The subject of the study did not examine STEM as a catalyst for education 5.0 |
| Articles are harvested from databases: Scopus, web of science, and google scholar | Articles are from the ResearchGate, semantic, and ERIC databases |
| Articles examine STEM, education 5.0, learning, educational technology, educational innovation, and 21st-century. | Articles do not discuss STEM, education 5.0, learning, educational technology, educational innovation, and 21st-century. |
| Articles published in the period 2016 to 2024 | Articles published outside the period 2016 to 2024 |
| Articles already have a digital object identifier (DOI) | Articles do not have a digital object identifier (DOI) |
| Investigation utilizing quantitative data derived from experimental outcomes | Investigations do not utilize quantitative data obtained from experimental results |
| Conduct research with quantitative methodologies, including descriptive surveys, experiments, or a combination of both. | Conducting research without quantitative methodology, including descriptive surveys, experiments, or a combination of both. |