The Pathobiology of Myocardial Recovery and Remission: From Animal Models to Clinical Observations in Heart Failure Patients

Arick C. Park; Douglas L. Mann

doi:10.14797/mdcvj.1389

The Pathobiology of Myocardial Recovery and Remission: From Animal Models to Clinical Observations in Heart Failure Patients

Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal

Volume 20 (2024): Issue 4

By: Arick C. Park and Douglas L. Mann

Open Access

|Aug 2024

Wilcox JE, Fang JC, Margulies KB, Mann DL. Heart Failure With Recovered Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction: JACC Scientific Expert Panel. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Aug 11;76(6):719-734. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.075
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mann DL, Barger PM, Burkhoff D. Myocardial recovery: myth, magic or molecular target? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Dec 18;60(24):2465-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.06.062
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
St John Sutton MG, Pfeffer MA, Plappert T, et al. Quantitative two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements are major predictors of adverse cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. The protective effects of captopril. Circulation. 1994 Jan;89(1):68-75. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.89.1.68
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
White HD, Norris RM, Brown MA, Brandt PW, Whitlock RM, Wild CJ. Left ventricular end-systolic volume as the major determinant of survival after recovery from myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1987 Jul;76(1):44-51. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.76.1.44
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Douglas PS, Morrow R, Ioli A, Reicheck N. Left ventricular shape, afterload and survival in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989 Feb;13(2):311-5. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(89)90504-4
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vasan RS, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Evans JC, Levy D. Left ventricular dilatation and the risk of congestive heart failure in people without myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1997 May 8;336(19):1350-5. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199705083361903
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Levin HR, Oz MC, Chen JM, Packer M, Rose EA, Burkhoff D. Reversal of chronic ventricular dilation in patients with end-stage cardiomyopathy by prolonged mechanical unloading. Circulation. 1995 Jun 1;91(11):2717-20. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.91.11.2717
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kass DA, Baughman KL, Pak PH, et al. Reverse remodeling from cardiomyoplasty in human heart failure. External constraint versus active assist. Circulation. 1995 May 1;91(9):2314-8. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.91.9.2314
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Westaby S, Jin XY, Katsumata T, Taggart DP, Coats AJ, Frazier OH. Mechanical support in dilated cardiomyopathy: signs of early left ventricular recovery. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997 Nov;64(5):1303-8. doi: 10.1016/S0003-4975(97)00910-7
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Weinheimer CJ, Kovacs A, Evans S, et al. Load- Dependent Changes in Left Ventricular Structure and Function in a Pathophysiologically Relevant Murine Model of Reversible Heart Failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2018 May;11(5):e004351. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004351
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bristow MR, Ginsburg R, Minobe W, et al. Decreased catecholamine sensitivity and beta-adrenergic-receptor density in failing human hearts. N Engl J Med. 1982 Jul 22;307(4):205-11. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198207223070401
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, Olsen S, et al. Comparative hemodynamic, left ventricular functional, and antiadrenergic effects of chronic treatment with metoprolol versus carvedilol in the failing heart. Circulation. 1996 Dec 1;94(11):2817-25. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.94.11.2817
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Naya M, Tsukamoto T, Morita K, et al. Myocardial beta-adrenergic receptor density assessed by 11C-CGP12177 PET predicts improvement of cardiac function after carvedilol treatment in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Nucl Med. 2009 Feb;50(2):220-5. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.108.056341
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gilbert EM, Sandoval A, Larrabee P, Renlund DG, O’Connell JB, Bristow MR. Lisinopril lowers cardiac adrenergic drive and increases beta-receptor density in the failing human heart. Circulation. 1993 Aug;88(2):472-80. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.88.2.472
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Klotz S, Barbone A, Reiken S, et al. Left ventricular assist device support normalizes left and right ventricular beta-adrenergic pathway properties. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 Mar 1;45(5):668-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.11.042
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mullens W, Bartunek J, Wilson Tang WH, et al. Early and late effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on force-frequency relation and contractility regulating gene expression in heart failure patients. Heart Rhythm. 2008 Jan;5(1):52-9. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2007.09.009
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ogletree-Hughes ML, Stull LB, Sweet WE, Smedira NG, McCarthy PM, Moravec CS. Mechanical unloading restores beta-adrenergic responsiveness and reverses receptor downregulation in the failing human heart. Circulation. 2001 Aug 21;104(8):881-6. doi: 10.1161/hc3301.094911
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schnee PM, Shah N, Bergheim M, et al. Location and density of alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor sub-types in myocardium after mechanical left ventricular unloading. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008 Jul;27(7):710-7. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2008.03.015
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nikolaev VO, Moshkov A, Lyon AR, et al. Beta2-adrenergic receptor redistribution in heart failure changes cAMP compartmentation. Science. 2010 Mar 26;327(5973):1653-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1185988
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schobesberger S, Wright P, Tokar S, et al. T-tubule remodelling disturbs localized β2-adrenergic signalling in rat ventricular myocytes during the progression of heart failure. Cardiovasc Res. 2017 Jun 1;113(7):770-782. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvx074
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lowes BD, Minobe W, Abraham WT, et al. Changes in gene expression in the intact human heart. Downregulation of alpha-myosin heavy chain in hypertrophied, failing ventricular myocardium. J Clin Invest. 1997 Nov 1;100(9):2315-24. doi: 10.1172/JCI119770
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nakao K, Minobe W, Roden R, Bristow MR, Leinwand LA. Myosin heavy chain gene expression in human heart failure. J Clin Invest. 1997 Nov 1;100(9):2362-70. doi: 10.1172/JCI119776
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
James J, Martin L, Krenz M, et al. Forced expression of alpha-myosin heavy chain in the rabbit ventricle results in cardioprotection under cardiomyopathic conditions. Circulation. 2005 May 10;111(18):2339-46. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000164233.09448.B1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Brooks WW, Bing OHL, Robinson KG, Slawsky MT, Chaletsky DM, Conrad CH. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on myocardial fibrosis and function in hypertrophied and failing myocardium from the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Circulation. 1997 Dec 2;96(11):4002-10. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.96.11.4002
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wang J, Guo X, Dhalla NS. Modification of myosin protein and gene expression in failing hearts due to myocardial infarction by enalapril or losartan. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004 Oct 14;1690(2):177-84. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.06.004
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lowes BD, Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, et al. Myocardial gene expression in dilated cardiomyopathy treated with beta-blocking agents. N Engl J Med. 2002 May 2;346(18):1357-65. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa012630
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Blaxall BC, Tschannen-Moran BM, Milano CA, Koch WJ. Differential gene expression and genomic patient stratification following left ventricular assist device support. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Apr 2;41(7):1096-106. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00043-3
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Iyengar S, Haas G, Lamba S, et al. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on myocardial gene expression in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Card Fail. 2007 May;13(4):304-11. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2007.01.005
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vanderheyden M, Mullens W, Delrue L, et al. Myocardial gene expression in heart failure patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy responders versus nonresponders. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Jan 15;51(2):129-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.07.087
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rastogi S, Mishra S, Gupta RC, Sabbah HN. Reversal of maladaptive gene program in left ventricular myocardium of dogs with heart failure following long-term therapy with the Acorn Cardiac Support Device. Heart Fail Rev. 2005 Jun;10(2):157-63. doi: 10.1007/s10741-005-4643-z
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
de Jonge N, van Wichen DF, Schipper ME, et al. Left ventricular assist device in end-stage heart failure: persistence of structural myocyte damage after unloading. An immunohistochemical analysis of the contractile myofilaments. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Mar 20;39(6):963-9. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01713-8
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Aquila LA, McCarthy PM, Smedira NG, Young JB, Moravec CS. Cytoskeletal structure and recovery in single human cardiac myocytes. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2004 Aug;23(8):954-63. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2004.05.018
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Birks EJ, Hall JL, Barton PJ, et al. Gene profiling changes in cytoskeletal proteins during clinical recovery after left ventricular-assist device support. Circulation. 2005 Aug 30;112(9 Suppl):I57-64. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.526137
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ponikowska B, Iwanek G, Zdanowicz A, et al. Biomarkers of Myocardial Injury and Remodeling in Heart Failure. J Pers Med. 2022 May 16;12(5):799. doi: 10.3390/jpm12050799
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Daubert MA, Adams K, Yow E, et al. NT-proBNP Goal Achievement Is Associated With Significant Reverse Remodeling and Improved Clinical Outcomes in HFrEF. JACC Heart Fail. 2019 Feb;7(2):158-168. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2018.10.014
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Marx SO, Reiken S, Hisamatsu Y, et al. PKA phosphorylation dissociates FKBP12.6 from the calcium release channel (ryanodine receptor): defective regulation in failing hearts. Cell. 2000 May 12;101(4):365-76. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80847-8
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reiken S, Gaburjakova M, Guatimosim S, et al. Protein kinase A phosphorylation of the cardiac calcium release channel (ryanodine receptor) in normal and failing hearts. Role of phosphatases and response to isoproterenol. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jan 3;278(1):444-53. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M207028200
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zhang H, Makarewich CA, Kubo H, et al. Hyperphosphorylation of the cardiac ryanodine receptor at serine 2808 is not involved in cardiac dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Circ Res. 2012 Mar 16;110(6):831-40. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.255158
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ragone I, Barallobre-Barreiro J, Takov K, et al. SERCA2a Protein Levels Are Unaltered in Human Heart Failure. Circulation. 2023 Aug 15;148(7):613-616. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064513
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Plank DM, Yatani A, Ritsu H, et al. Calcium dynamics in the failing heart: restoration by beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003 Jul;285(1):H305-15. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00425.2002
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chen X, Piacentino V 3rd, Furukawa S, Goldman B, Margulies KB, Houser SR. L-type Ca2+ channel density and regulation are altered in failing human ventricular myocytes and recover after support with mechanical assist devices. Circ Res. 2002 Sep 20;91(6):517-24. doi: 10.1161/01.res.0000033988.13062.7c
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Heerdt PM, Holmes JW, Cai B, et al. Chronic unloading by left ventricular assist device reverses contractile dysfunction and alters gene expression in end-stage heart failure. Circulation. 2000 Nov 28;102(22):2713-9. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.102.22.2713
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Narula J, Haider N, Virmani R, et al. Apoptosis in myocytes in end-stage heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1182-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199610173351603
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Narula J, Pandey P, Arbustini E, et al. Apoptosis in heart failure: release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and activation of caspase-3 in human cardiomyopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jul 6;96(14):8144-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.14.8144
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chandrashekhar Y, Sen S, Anway R, Shuros A, Anand I. Long-term caspase inhibition ameliorates apoptosis, reduces myocardial troponin-I cleavage, protects left ventricular function, and attenuates remodeling in rats with myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Jan 21;43(2):295-301. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.09.026
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hayakawa K, Takemura G, Kanoh M, et al. Inhibition of granulation tissue cell apoptosis during the subacute stage of myocardial infarction improves cardiac remodeling and dysfunction at the chronic stage. Circulation. 2003 Jul 8;108(1):104-9. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000074225.62168.68
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Haider N, Narula N, Narula J. Apoptosis in heart failure represents programmed cell survival, not death, of cardiomyocytes and likelihood of reverse remodeling. J Card Fail. 2002 Dec;8(6 Suppl):S512-7. doi: 10.1054/jcaf.2002.130034
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
de Jonge N, van Wichen DF, van Kuik J, et al. Cardiomyocyte death in patients with end-stage heart failure before and after support with a left ventricular assist device: low incidence of apoptosis despite ubiquitous mediators. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2003 Sep;22(9):1028-36. doi: 10.1016/s1053-2498(02)01160-9
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kanoh M, Takemura G, Misao J, et al. Significance of myocytes with positive DNA in situ nick end-labeling (TUNEL) in hearts with dilated cardiomyopathy: not apoptosis but DNA repair. Circulation. 1999 Jun 1;99(21):2757-64. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.99.21.2757
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cheng WP, Wang BW, Lo HM, Shyu KG. Mechanical Stretch Induces Apoptosis Regulator TRB3 in Cultured Cardiomyocytes and Volume-Overloaded Heart. PLoS One. 2015 Apr 21;10(4):e0123235. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123235
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Baba HA, Stypmann J, Grabellus F, et al. Dynamic regulation of MEK/Erks and Akt/GSK-3beta in human end-stage heart failure after left ventricular mechanical support: myocardial mechanotransduction-sensitivity as a possible molecular mechanism. Cardiovasc Res. 2003 Aug 1;59(2):390-9. doi: 10.1016/s0008-6363(03)00393-6
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wong SC, Fukuchi M, Melnyk P, Rodger I, Giaid A. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 and activation of nuclear factor-kappaB in myocardium of patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation. 1998 Jul 14;98(2):100-3. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.98.2.100
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Flesch M, Margulies KB, Mochmann HC, Engel D, Sivasubramanian N, Mann DL. Differential regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in the failing human heart in response to mechanical unloading. Circulation. 2001 Nov 6;104(19):2273-6. doi: 10.1161/hc4401.099449
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Canseco DC, Kimura W, Garg S, et al. Human ventricular unloading induces cardiomyocyte proliferation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015 Mar 10;65(9):892-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.027
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
D’Ascia C, Cittadini A, Monti MG, Riccio G, Sacca L. Effects of biventricular pacing on interstitial remodelling, tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression, and apoptotic death in failing human myocardium. Eur Heart J. 2006 Jan;27(2):201-6. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi579
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Xia Y, Lee K, Li N, Corbett D, Mendoza L, Frangogiannis NG. Characterization of the inflammatory and fibrotic response in a mouse model of cardiac pressure overload. Histochem Cell Biol. 2009 Apr;131(4):471-81. doi: 10.1007/s00418-008-0541-5
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Herum KM, Lunde IG, Skrbic B, et al. Syndecan-4 is a key determinant of collagen cross-linking and passive myocardial stiffness in the pressure-overloaded heart. Cardiovasc Res. 2015 May 1;106(2):217-26. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvv002
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mukherjee D, Sen S. Alteration of collagen phenotypes in ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest. 1991 Oct;88(4):1141-6. doi: 10.1172/JCI115414
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Marijianowski MM, Teeling P, Mann J, Becker AE. Dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with an increase in the type I/type III collagen ratio: a quantitative assessment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 May;25(6):1263-72. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)00557-7
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Morita H, Suzuki G, Mishima T, et al. Effects of long-term monotherapy with metoprolol CR/XL on the progression of left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in dogs with chronic heart failure. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2002 Sep;16(5):443-9. doi: 10.1023/a:1022142620189
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shigeyama J, Yasumura Y, Sakamoto A, et al. Increased gene expression of collagen Types I and III is inhibited by beta-receptor blockade in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2005 Dec;26(24):2698-705. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi492
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zannad F, Alla F, Dousset B, Perez A, Pitt B. Limitation of excessive extracellular matrix turnover may contribute to survival benefit of spironolactone therapy in patients with congestive heart failure: insights from the randomized aldactone evaluation study (RALES). Rales Investigators. Circulation. 2000 Nov 28;102(22):2700-6. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.102.22.2700
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hessel MH, Bleeker GB, Bax JJ, et al. Reverse ventricular remodelling after cardiac resynchronization therapy is associated with a reduction in serum tenascin-C and plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels. Eur J Heart Fail. 2007 Oct;9(10):1058-63. doi: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2007.07.007
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Li YY, Feldman AM, Sun Y, McTiernan CF. Differential expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in the failing human heart. Circulation. 1998 Oct 27;98(17):1728-34. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.98.17.1728
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Torre-Amione G, Kapadia S, Benedict CR, Oral H, Young JB, Mann DL. Proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction: a report from the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996 Apr;27(5):1201-6. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00589-7
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gearing AJH, Beckett P, Christodoulou M, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases and processing of pro-TNF-alpha. J Leukoc Biol. 1995 May;57(5):774-7. doi: 10.1002/jlb.57.5.774
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gullestad L, Ueland T, Kjekshus J, et al. The predictive value of galectin-3 for mortality and cardiovascular events in the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure (CORONA). Am Heart J. 2012 Dec;164(6):878-83. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2012.08.021
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Batlle M, Pérez-Villa F, Lázaro A, et al. Decreased expression of thrombospondin-1 in failing hearts may favor ventricular remodeling. Transplant Proc. 2009 Jul-Aug;41(6):2231-3. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.06.009
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vila V, Martínez-Sales V, Almenar L, Lazaro IS, Villa P, Reganon E. Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and angiogenesis markers in chronic heart failure patients. Int J Cardiol. 2008 Nov 12;130(2):276-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.07.010
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Xia Y, Dobaczewski M, Gonzalez-Quesada C, et al. Endogenous thrombospondin 1 protects the pressure-overloaded myocardium by modulating fibroblast phenotype and matrix metabolism. Hypertension. 2011 Nov;58(5):902-11. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.175323
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Frangogiannis NG. Regulation of the inflammatory response in cardiac repair. Circ Res. 2012 Jan 6;110(1):159-73. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.243162
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Raafs AG, Verdonschot JAJ, Henkens M, et al. The combination of carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I blood levels and late gadolinium enhancement at cardiac magnetic resonance provides additional prognostic information in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy - A multilevel assessment of myocardial fibrosis in dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2021 Jun;23(6):933-944. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.2201
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
López B, Querejeta R, Varo N, González A, Larman M, Martínez Ubago JL, Díez J. Usefulness of serum carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I in assessment of the cardioreparative ability of antihypertensive treatment in hypertensive patients. Circulation. 2001 Jul 17;104(3):286-91. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.104.3.286
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stienen S, Ferreira JP, Pitt B, et al. Eplerenone prevents an increase in serum carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I after myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular dysfunction and/or heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020 May;22(5):901-903. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1812
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lewis GA, Dodd S, Clayton D, et al. Pirfenidone in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a randomized phase 2 trial. Nat Med. 2021 Aug;27(8):1477-1482. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01452-0
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Micheletti R, Plaisance I, Abraham BJ, et al. The long noncoding RNA Wisper controls cardiac fibrosis and remodeling. Sci Transl Med. 2017 Jun 21;9(395):eaai9118. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aai9118
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Abraham ST, Benscoter HA, Schworer CM, Singer HA. A role for Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade of cultured rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res. 1997 Oct;81(4):575-84. doi: 10.1161/01.res.81.4.575
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Akhand AA, Du J, Liu W, et al. Redox-linked cell surface-oriented signaling for T-cell death. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2002 Jun;4(3):445-54. doi: 10.1089/15230860260196236
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Suzuki G, Morita H, Mishima T, et al. Effects of long-term monotherapy with eplerenone, a novel aldosterone blocker, on progression of left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in dogs with heart failure. Circulation. 2002 Dec 3;106(23):2967-72. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000039104.56479.42
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hall JL, Grindle S, Han X, et al. Genomic profiling of the human heart before and after mechanical support with a ventricular assist device reveals alterations in vascular signaling networks. Physiol Genomics. 2004 May 19;17(3):283-91. doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00004.2004
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Drakos SG, Kfoury AG, Hammond EH, et al. Impact of mechanical unloading on microvasculature and associated central remodeling features of the failing human heart. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Jul 27;56(5):382-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.04.019
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Harrington J, Nixon AB, Daubert MA, et al. Circulating Angiokines Are Associated With Reverse Remodeling and Outcomes in Chronic Heart Failure. J Card Fail. 2023 Jun;29(6):896-906. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2022.12.011
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
O‘Connor CM, Whellan DJ, Lee KL, et al. Efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009 Apr 8;301(14):1439-50. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.454
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Krause A, Sillard R, Kleemeier B, et al. Isolation and biochemical characterization of LEAP-2, a novel blood peptide expressed in the liver. Protein Sci. 2003 Jan;12(1):143-52. doi: 10.1110/ps.0213603
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Higgins SL, Hummel JD, Niazi IK, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy for the treatment of heart failure in patients with intraventricular conduction delay and malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Oct 15;42(8):1454-9. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(03)01042-8
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yusuf S, Pitt B, Davis CE, Hood WB, Cohn JN.; SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1991 Aug 1;325(5):293-302. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199108013250501
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Greenberg B, Quinones MA, Koilpillai C, et al. Effects of long-term enalapril therapy on cardiac structure and function in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Results of the SOLVD echocardiography substudy. Circulation. 1995 May 15;91(10):2573-81. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.91.10.2573
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wong M, Staszewsky L, Latini R, et al. Valsartan benefits left ventricular structure and function in heart failure: Val-HeFT echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Sep 4;40(5):970-5. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02063-6
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chan AK, Sanderson JE, Wang T, et al. Aldosterone receptor antagonism induces reverse remodeling when added to angiotensin receptor blockade in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Aug 14;50(7):591-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.062
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Doughty RN, Whalley GA, Gamble G, MacMahon S, Sharpe N. Left ventricular remodeling with carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischemic heart disease. Australia-New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997 Apr;29(5):1060-6. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(97)00012-0
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rastogi A, Novak E, Platts AE, Mann DL. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical outcomes for heart failure patients with a mid-range ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017 Dec;19(12):1597-1605. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.879
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Alexanian M, Przytycki PF, Micheletti R, et al. A transcriptional switch governs fibroblast activation in heart disease. Nature. 2021 Jul;595(7867):438-443. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03674-1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Garcia S, Kandar F, Boyle A, et al. Effects of pulsatile- and continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices on left ventricular unloading. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008 Mar;27(3):261-7. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2007.12.001
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kato TS, Chokshi A, Singh P, et al. Effects of continuous-flow versus pulsatile-flow left ventricular assist devices on myocardial unloading and remodeling. Circ Heart Fail. 2011 Sep;4(5):546-53. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.962142
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Klotz S, Deng MC, Stypmann J, et al. Left ventricular pressure and volume unloading during pulsatile versus nonpulsatile left ventricular assist device support. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004 Jan;77(1):143-9; discussion 149-50. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(03)01336-5
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Linde C, Leclercq C, Rex S, et al. Long-term benefits of biventricular pacing in congestive heart failure: results from the MUltisite STimulation in cardiomyopathy (MUSTIC) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Jul 3;40(1):111-8. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01932-0
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
St John Sutton MG, Plappert T, Abraham WT, et al. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular size and function in chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2003 Apr 22;107(15):1985-90. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000065226.24159.E9
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Merlo M, Stolfo D, Anzini M, et al. Persistent recovery of normal left ventricular function and dimension in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy during long-term follow-up: does real healing exist? J Am Heart Assoc. 2015 Jan 13;4(1):e001504. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.000570
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Halliday BP, Wassall R, Lota AS, et al. Withdrawal of pharmacological treatment for heart failure in patients with recovered dilated cardiomyopathy (TRED-HF): an open-label, pilot, randomised trial. Lancet. 2019 Jan 5;393(10166):61-73. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32484-X
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14797/mdcvj.1389 | Journal eISSN: 1947-6108

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 16 - 30

Submitted on: Apr 8, 2024

Accepted on: Jun 21, 2024

Published on: Aug 20, 2024

Published by: Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

heart failure,

LV remodeling,

reverse LV remodeling,

myocardial remission,

myocardial recovery

© 2024 Arick C. Park, Douglas L. Mann, published by Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License.

Volume 20 (2024): Issue 4